AHT 1080 Flashcards

Question

why are lipids important to diet?

Answer 1

Provide most concentrated form of energy Contribute to palatability and texture of food Triglycerides: - Primary form of stored energy (long-term) - Important in cell membrane structure and many metabolic processes

Answer 2

- Linolenic (a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid) - Linoleic - DHA (helps with brain and vision during puppy /kitten development)

Answer 3

- Major structural component of many body tissues - Essential for normal hormone and enzyme structure and function - Essential for maintenance and repair of body tissues - Growing and lactating animals have increased protein demand

Answer 4

heart enlargement

Answer 5

Golden Retrievers & American Cocker Spaniels

Answer 6

growth (puppies/ kittens)

Answer 7

Known for its importance in GI problems, muscle atrophy, and wound healing

Answer 8

Fat soluble: A,D,E,K - can be stored in the body (liver), excreted in bile Water soluble: B complex and C - Cannot be stored - excreted in the urine

Answer 9

Vision (retina) Maintenance of epithelial tissue Skeletal and tooth development Spermatogenesis and estrous cycles

Answer 10

Hyena disease (Bovine)-cause premature growth plate closure

Answer 11

Regulate calcium and phosphorus for normal bone structure and maintenance Synthesized in skin when animal exposed to UV light, inefficient in small animals

Answer 12

Antioxidant for cell health and repair Helps preserve fats, EFAs, Vitamin A and AA Supports skin integrity and immune system to help improve disease resistance

Answer 13

REQUIRED for normal blood clotting Aids in function of clotting factors Sources - plant and animal – greens, liver, egg, fish

Answer 14

Essential to metabolic processes and in body’s ability to use nutrients

Answer 15

Function: - Key in production of collagen - structural component of skin, tendons, bone, cartilage and all other connective tissues - Important antioxidant - Guinea pigs, humans and primates cannot synthesize - All plants contain some vitamin C

Answer 16

essential for metabolism

Answer 17

1. Calcium (Ca) 2. Phosphorus (Ph) 3. Potassium (K) 4. Magnesium (Mg) 5. Sulfur (S) 6. Sodium (Na) 7. Chloride (Cl)

Answer 18

Copper (Cu) 2. Zinc (Zn) 3. Manganese (Mn) 4. Iodine (I) 5. Selenium (Se) 6. Cobalt (Co) 7. Chromium (Cr) 8. Iron (Fe)

Answer 19

- Main components of bone tissue - Important in cardiac & skeletal muscle function - Must be in correct ratio Imbalance (Ca:Ph) or excessive amounts result is skeletal deformities (reduced bone mineralization)

Answer 20

- Most abundant in cells - Essential for proper body fluid acidity and many metabolic processes - Excessive losses from vomiting or diarrhea, and too much potassium can cause fatal heart arrhythmias - Low potassium is a common issue for older cats, especially those with kidney problems

Answer 21

- Component of bone and of carbohydrate and protein metabolism - Small Animal - Excess has been implicated in FLUTD (struvite urolithiasis) in cats

Answer 22

Involved in protein synthesis, energy metabolism, blood clotting, hormones and acid/base balance

Answer 23

- Maintains metabolic water balance - Involved in nerve transmission & transport of amino acids in body - Commercial diets exceed recommended level by 4 – 15 times!

Answer 24

- Works closely with Na (sodium) -Maintains metabolic water balance, acidity balance and required for formation of stomach acids for digestion

Answer 25

ESSENTIAL component of hemoglobin and myoglobin (oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells)

Answer 26

- Necessary for normal absorption and transfer of iron in body - Aid in development of healthy red blood cells - Role in collagen synthesis and function (along with vitamin C)

Answer 27

copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers, Westies

Answer 28

Important for enzyme systems and protein synthesis Important for skin and hair coat health

Answer 29

- Required by thyroid gland for thyroid hormone synthesis - Prevention of goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)

Answer 30

- Aids in insulin function - Improves glucose uptake by cells - Lowers serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations

Answer 31

Canned food - - higher water content more palatable great for finicky eaters Dry food – - better for dental health

Answer 32

(essential fatty acids) used to optimize condition of skin & coat

Answer 33

may be beneficial in certain kidney, heart, skin and joint diseases (anti-inflammatory action)

Answer 34

to assist breaking down food

Answer 35

Improve palatability with finicky eaters….

Answer 36

Nutritional products that may also have pharmaceutical properties.

Answer 37

used to help form and repair body tissues such as cartilage

Answer 38

synergized with glucosamine. Chondroitin is a molecule that occurs naturally in the body. It is a major component of cartilage, the tough & connective tissue that cushions the joints

Answer 39

caloric supplement to help boost dietary intake in pets, particularly those suffering from under-eating or malnourishment.

Answer 40

1. Nutritional balance must be carefully monitored. Vitamin and mineral imbalances are especially common 2. Diets must contain sufficient nutrients w/o exceeding daily energy requirements 3. Homemade diets must be stored to prevents spoilage and preserves freshness. 4. Many human foods are not appropriate for pets. Most processed foods contain excessive fat, sodium, spices and other ingredients that can be detrimental to pet health. Other foods may be toxic to pets—owners must do careful research and preferably work with their veterinarian on diet formulation

Answer 41

bread dough, onions and garlic, grapes and raisins, xylitol, chocolate, avocado

Answer 42

bread dough, onions and garlic, chocolate (unlikely to eat on own), lilies, tylenol

Answer 43

Human medications Cleaning products Rodenticides Vitamin/mineral supplements

Answer 44

grown with only animal or vegetable fertilizers, such as manure, bone meal or compost.

Answer 45

not artificial or manufactured. A pet food without chemical alterations.

Answer 46

Association of American Feed Control Officials

Answer 47

- Nutrient profile - Labelling - Feed trial – actual application of the diet to specific species at particular life stage

Answer 48

B - biologically A - appropriate R - raw F - foods

Answer 49

P - prey M - model R - raw

Answer 50

Claims – better skin and coat, less disease, better immunity, calmer behavior, better breath and fecal odor Claims - owner feels confidence in the freshness and wholesomeness of the ingredients (as they source them)

Answer 51

- these diets are NOT adequately balanced to maintain health. It could cause nutritional deficiencies and/ or excesses - FOOD POISONING if not cooked

Answer 52

1. Handling of raw meat products – risk of infection 2. Zoonosis – some infectious diseases can be transmitted from pets to humans (Salmonella, E-coli etc) 3. Serious complications in young, elderly and immunocompromised people

Answer 53

- Raw meat diets are high in protein and fat and very low in carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals - Nutrient composition and digestibility of raw and cooked meats are virtually identical - No “enzymes” in raw meat to enhance digestion - Incorrect Ca:Phos ratio

Answer 54

- Gastrointestinal perforation (rupture) - Intestinal obstructions - Gastroenteritis - Fractured teeth

Answer 55

- secondary hyperparathyroidism (Ca) - Dermatoses (zinc) - Anemia (iron) - Orthopedic Conditions (Ca and Vit D)

Answer 56

AAHA: Gestation/lactation, Puppy/kitten, Adult (young, mature), Senior AAFCO: Growth / reproduction, Adult (maintenance)

Answer 57

1. male or female? Spayed or neutered? - Orchiectomy or ovariohysterectomy can reduce the daily energy requirement by 1/4 to 1/3. - lactating female requires more energy. - intact male needs more energy at breeding time. 2. Age? - puppies should be evaluated for appropriate nutrition every 2–3 weeks. 3. What breed is the animal? - small breed vs large breed dog. - Siamese vs a Maine Coon cat. 4. Is it a multi-pet household?

Answer 58

1. free/ self feed 2. time restricted 3. food restricted

Answer 59

mom's milk that is very high in protein and transfers important immune system elements (antibodies)

Answer 60

about 5% of their current body weight per day during the ﬁrst 4 weeks.

Answer 61

❏ Support immune system functions ❏ Reduce damage from free radicals ❏ Maintain a healthy body condition score ❏ Decrease chance of skeletal disease ❏ Improve brain and vision activity ❏ Support nutrient absorption ❏ Smaller stool volume / frequency, Improve stool consistency, Decrease fecal odor ❏ Improve skin and coat quality

Answer 62

diet should contain greater than 28% protein (dry matter basis)

Answer 63

Beta-glucans are found in hydrolyzed yeast - soluble dietary ﬁbre

Answer 64

Puppies normally eliminate 5–15 minutes after eating a meal.

Answer 65

over 7-10 days

Answer 66

dental disease

Answer 67

flatulence, diarrhea

Answer 68

18 mos - 6 yrs (lg breeds) 12 mos - 7 yrs (sm breeds)

Answer 69

dental disease, obesity, kidney disease

Answer 70

curbing the development of calculus.. Calcium (Ca2+) cations in the saliva are required for the mineralisation step by which plaque is converted into calculus and polyphosphates work to interfere with this step.

Answer 71

1 ounce of ﬂuids per pound of body weight.

Answer 72

- Support immune system function - reduce damage from free radicals - Maintain a healthy body condition score - Support aging joints - Support brain and vision activity (cognitive function) - Improve stool consistency, Decrease fecal odor - Improve skin and coat quality - Slow down the progression of dental disease

Answer 73

a progressive reduction in the ability of an organism to meet the demand of the environment.

Answer 74

7 to 10 years (large breed dogs) 8 to 16 years (small to medium sized dogs) 5 to 8 years giant breeds

Answer 75

1. Genetics and breed size: large breed dogs are senior at a younger age than smaller dogs. 2. Gender: intact males are at greater risk of succumbing to diseases related to ﬁghting and certain cancers such as prostate cancer. 3. Disease: older animals have less reserve and an immune system that is not as functional as younger animals. 4. Environment: there is a greater chance of an animal being hit by car or succumbing to infectious disease.

Answer 76

35-50% on a dry matter basis with at least 9% dry matter from an animal source

Answer 77

18-35% on a dry matter basis

Answer 78

0.8-1.6% calcium on a dry matter basis

Answer 79

12 months to 7 years of age

Answer 80

dental disease, obesity, kidney disease, and lower urinary tract disease.

Answer 81

component of struvite crystals in the urinary tract

Answer 82

excess P is a key component of FLUTD (feline lower urinary tract disease) and kidney disease.

Answer 83

weight loss, heart disease, kidney disease, metabolic diseases, and usually have a decreased activity level

Answer 84

more due to kidney disease

Answer 85

calcium oxalate urolithiasis

Answer 86

3.5 to 4.5 ounces of water per 5 pounds of body weight every day

Answer 87

- Provide fresh water every day. - Make sure the water bowl is ﬁlled to the brim at all times. - Some cats do not like the taste of tap water. You might wish to: - Refrigerate the tap water - Try Brita water. - Try distilled water. - Try bottled water. - Some cats will drink more water if a drop or two of tuna juice is provided. - If the cat prefers to drink from a tap, make sure it can always get to the tap. - Keep the food and water bowls away from the litter box area. - Keep the water bowl clean.

Answer 88

- To extend or improve the quality of life by taking care and dealing with existing problems. - To eliminate or decrease clinical signs of disease. - To slow or prevent the development and progression of disease. - To maintain optimum body weight.

Answer 89

May help rebuild damaged cartilage occurring with osteoarthritis

Answer 90

Moderately increased intake of vitamins A, B1, B6, B12, and E

Answer 91

- Mild phosphorus reduction is recommended to decrease renal excretory workload. - Sodium consumption should be reduced.

Answer 92

the sense of smell diminishes and disease causes inappetance, palatability becomes a signiﬁcant feature of a mature diet. Warming the food, sprinkling it with garlic powder (no salt), and feeding canned food are techniques that may enhance palatability.

Answer 93

Make sure the pet can reach the food easily. Make sure the older pet does not have to compete for food in a multi-pet household

Answer 94

Treats should meet the needs of the older pet. They should be low in salt, moderate in ﬁber, and lower in calories. Table food should be avoided.

Answer 95

Advantages: - higher water content 60-65% (better for cats that don’t tend to drink water often or for dogs suﬀering from dehydration or GI upset). - more palatable and can come in a lot of ﬂavour choices - good for picky or ﬁnicky eaters Disadvantages: - water content adds to the weight of the food, it does cost more than dry kibble. - some canned food may contain more sugar and/or salt, which may not be appropriate - will cause calculus or tartar buildup more rapidly

Answer 96

Advantages: - easiest to feed and manage when it comes to portion sizes - good for dogs or cats that like to graze their food (measured amount can be given and they can eat what they want, then come back for more when they get hungry again) - it can come in many sizes and shapes (large breed dog bites or small breed bite size) - dry kibble tends to work well in food toys or with interactive feeders (makes the animal work/exercise for their meal). - great for breaking away calculus or tartar build up along the teeth - lower in cost compared to canned diets Disadvantages: - some diet types may contain more preservatives and artiﬁcial ﬂavors. - unnecessary ﬁllers may be incorporated into the feed as well

Answer 97

¾ of the old food with ¼ of the new (1-2 days) ½ of the old food with ½ of the new (3-4 days) ¾ of the new food with ¼ of the old (5-7 days) FULL amount of recommended new diet (after day 7)

Answer 98

likely contains excessive levels of some nutrients necessary for the most demanding life stages, which is growth. For example, it might contain higher levels of protein and calcium for kittens, but those levels are inappropriate for an adult or senior cat.

Answer 99

"chicken": 95% w/w, 70% d/w "chicken dinner/ entree": 10% "with chicken": 3% "chicken flavour": only adds flavor

Answer 100

cattle, sheep, swine and goat

Answer 101

chicken, duck, turkey

Answer 102

Rendered, denatured and defatted (no hair, horn, teeth, hooves, feathers or feces)

Answer 103

Internal organs, bone, brain (no hair, horn, teeth, hooves, feathers or feces)

Answer 104

Protein portion of a given grain

Answer 105

- Natural and synthetic - Required for dry , shelf stable semi moist and refrigerated (not for canned)

Answer 106

Ingredients are the vehicles that provide nutrients, while nutrients are food components that support life and are metabolically useful

Answer 107

maximum percentage of ash (the mineral component) is often guaranteed, as are the percentages of taurine and magnesium.

Answer 108

minimum percentage levels of calcium, phosphorus, sodium and linoleic acid are found in some products.

Answer 109

1. The product, or the lead member of a family of products, is tested on live animals using AAFCO trial protocols and found to provide adequate nutrition 2. Rather than testing the food on animals, its ingredients are formulated to meet the requirements of a specific nutrient profile established by the AAFCO

Answer 110

1. The facility it was manufactured in (location) 2. What date and time it was produced/ completed 3. And what products were in that (type, amount, supporting suppliers)

Answer 111

1. Get your whole clinic team involved 2. Set expectations and build confidence /knowledge 3. Have the conversation (clients want to hear about it!) 4. Make a pet food recommendation! Include it in your treatment plan 5. Chart it in the medical record and track progress

Answer 112

- answer question about how long a bag will last - Explain how and when to reorder - Schedule recheck appointment - Reinforce message about continuous / long term feeding - Make follow up calls / reminders of food orders ( check inventory) - Divert any pertinent questions to the RVT or DVM

Answer 113

- Answer questions about recommended diets (how much to feed, how to read label, quality of food - better coat, palatable, less feces, less fillers, etc.) - Discuss transitioning to a new food, including importance of continuous and long term feeding guides - Phone calls from clients with pet food questions - Inventory and ordering of pet diets

Answer 114

- Meet with Reps to stay informed about new diets - Examine and diagnose patients - Develop diagnostic and treatment plans - Discuss Nutrition needs with clients - Select food to recommend - Explain benefits of food, answer questions as well

Answer 115

Pets eat about half of their body weight in dry food per month and about 6x their weight in a year.

Answer 116

1. Increase of the pet’s quality of life (disease specific diets, behaviour (calm), allergies, large and small dog diets, senior needs, less stool produced, nicer hair coat, etc.) 2. Increase the length of the pet’s life (as per reasons above) 3. Decrease veterinary costs in the long run 4. Decrease the pet’s signs of diseases, and possibly medical costs

Answer 117

1. Nutrition based on evidence based science Pet Food companies have full time, highly qualified nutritionists/ DVM’s on staff 2. Pet food formulations proven via feeding trials and not just analysis of the finished product 3. Pet food companies own and run their own manufacturing facilities 4. They practice STRICT quality control for ingredients and final products

Answer 118

1 Kibble/Dry. - most economical type of commercial dog/cat food, -- lasts for a long time and does not need to be refrigerated. - can also help to keep the pet’s teeth healthy, since chewing crunchy dry food helps to reduce tartar buildup. 2 Canned - Most dogs/cats love canned, or wet, food - it has a long shelf life but it can be expensive. - how much digestible protein it provides. Indigestible protein will pass through the pet’s system without being broken down into absorbable nutrients, so it's pretty much useless to them. - most canned food is about 75 percent water. - great for cats who don’t get their daily % of water intake 3 Semi-Moist - least nutritional of all pet foods and contain many artificial flavors and colorings. - can be given to the pet as an occasional treat

Answer 119

53% of cats are overweight 43% of dogs are overweight

Answer 120

Infertility Increased dystocia issues Decreased heat tolerance Constipation, ulcers, and flatulence Weakened immune system Increased anesthetic risk

Answer 121

Ribs and lumbar vertebrae obvious Pelvic bone obvious Tail base prominent Concave abdominal tuck Severe hourglass shape No body fat Decrease muscle mass

Answer 122

Ribs and lumbar vertebrae easily seen pelvic bone obvious tail base bony - some soft tissue concave abdominal tuck marked hourglass shape

Answer 123

Ribs and lumbar vertebrae easily palpated Slight fat coverage Tail base smooth Concave abdominal tuck Smooth hourglass shape

Answer 124

Ribs and lumbar vertebrae difficult to palpate pelvic bone - palpable tail base - fat deposition no abdominal tuck no hourglass shape

Answer 125

Ribs and lumbar vertebrae very difficult to palpate pelvic bone difficult to palpate tail base thick convex abdominal thick back

Answer 126

a dog can safely lose 1 to 3-percent of its body weight and cats 0.5 to 2-percent per month many dogs can lose 3 to 5-percent and most cats should aim for about a half-pound per month never put a pet on a “crash diet,” they can develop serious medical conditions, including a life-threatening form of liver failure that can occur in less than 72 hours

Answer 127

measure muscle definition (lowering of can be caused by muscle-wasting, OCD and osteo-issues)

Answer 128

Diabetes is managed long term by the injection of insulin by the owner once or twice a day. Feeding requirements: Insulin needs are closely related to the type of food eaten by the pet. The veterinarian will recommend a specific diet and feeding regimen that will enhance the effectiveness of insulin.

Answer 129

-fed by natural manner rather than unlimited calories -multiple small meals to mimic natural prey instinct -meals can be hidden around house or in an automated feeder (4-5 small meals programmed a day) – make eating fun , egg carton with food

Answer 130

-make a specific scheduled feeding time. Feed at the same time everyday -feed your dog twice a day (better digestion, less bloat, and less hunger-related anxiety around the house. Remember to not feed anything but required diet- no table scraps) -give your dog a quiet area to eat. - use Sophia Yin, Learn to Earn program - use a full meal or half meal to play games (act as reward) or exercise

AHT 1080 Flashcards

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