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AHT 1110 > AHT 1080 > Flashcards

AHT 1080 Flashcards

midterm

1
Q

are dogs obligate carnivores?

A

yes

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2
Q

what essential amino acids are required for cats?

A

Taurine, Arginine

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3
Q

why are Taurine, Arginine required in cat diets?

A

they can only use that specific amino acid to make another amino acid, which binds the ammonia produced by the body when it breaks down protein

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4
Q

what essential fatty acid cannot be made by cats?

A

Arachidonic acid- from Omega 6 FA

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5
Q

what vitamins are essential to cat diets (dogs can convert pre-vitamin forms)

A

A, Niacin

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6
Q

what considerations/ activities are needed before making a nutritional recommend?

A
  1. Review medical records
  2. Obtain medical history
  3. Examine the patient
  4. BCS (body condition score)/ MCS (muscle condition score)
  5. weight of patient
  6. Review laboratory /diagnostic findings
  7. Review nutritional target levels
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7
Q

high level considerations for food reccomend?

A

Activity level
Breed
Age
Health status
Reproductive condition (intact, neutered)

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8
Q

Metabolizable energy definition

A

Amount of energy after losses to urine and feces

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9
Q

Metabolize definition

A

process of breaking down substances in cells to obtain energy

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10
Q

Energy density (caloric density) definition

A

of calories in a given volume of food

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11
Q

What are the Six categories of nutients?

A
  1. Water
  2. Proteins
  3. Carbohydrates
  4. Vitamins
  5. Fats 6. Minerals
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12
Q

what are Essential nutrients

A

are components that must be supplied by the diet, the animal cannot synthesize them

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13
Q

what are Non-essential nutrients

A

are synthesized by the animal

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14
Q

how much water does dry, semi moist and canned food have in it?

A

10%, 15-30%, 70-80%

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15
Q

How much water should a dog consume

A

1000 Kcal eaten = 1000 ml of water consumed

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16
Q

why would an animal Require higher levels of water intake

A
  • Lactation
  • Young, growing animals
  • Increased activity
  • High environmental temperature
  • Disease: diabetes, hyperthyroidism (PU/PD)
  • GI problems: vomiting, diarrhea
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17
Q

what are the different classes of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides - glucose, fructose
Disaccharides - sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides - glycogen, starch

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18
Q

what enzyme breaks down starches?

A

amylase

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19
Q

Enzyme definition

A

biological catalyst, responsible for thousands of metabolic processes. Used to break down starches

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20
Q

what are starches broken down into?

A

glucose

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21
Q

what is soluble fibre used for

A

Soluble fibers are often fermentable. Bacteria in the gut can use it as a source of energy (only digested once they hit the lower intestinal tract). Helps to promote healthy gut immune function by supporting the growth of good bacteria (probiotics)

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22
Q

examples of soluble fibre

A

oats, barley, peas, apples, and carrots.

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23
Q

what is insoluble fibre used for?

A

helps with the movement of material through the digestive system to help promote regularity. Insoluble fiber can also aid in the prevention of hairballs in cats.

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24
Q

examples of insoluble fibre

A

beet pulp, soybean and psyllium (mixed fibers).

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25
Q

why are lipids important to diet?

A

Provide most concentrated form of energy
Contribute to palatability and texture of food
Triglycerides:
- Primary form of stored energy (long-term)
- Important in cell membrane structure and many metabolic processes

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26
Q

essential fatty acids for dogs and cats

A
  • Linolenic (a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid)
  • Linoleic
  • DHA (helps with brain and vision during puppy /kitten development)
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27
Q

why protein required?

A
  • Major structural component of many body tissues
  • Essential for normal hormone and enzyme structure and function
  • Essential for maintenance and repair of body tissues
  • Growing and lactating animals have increased protein demand
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28
Q

how many amino acids do animals need?

A

22

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29
Q

how many amino acids can animals synthesize?

A

12

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30
Q

Taurine deficiency in cats causes what?

A

heart enlargement

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31
Q

what dog breeds are associated with Taurine deficiency?

A

Golden Retrievers & American Cocker Spaniels

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32
Q

what is Arginine essential for?

A

growth (puppies/ kittens)

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33
Q

what is Glutamine used for?

A

Known for its importance in GI problems, muscle atrophy, and wound healing

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34
Q

what are the 2 types of vitamins and thier characteristics

A

Fat soluble: A,D,E,K
- can be stored in the body (liver), excreted in bile
Water soluble: B complex and C
- Cannot be stored - excreted in the urine

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35
Q

what is Vit A used for

A

Vision (retina)
Maintenance of epithelial tissue
Skeletal and tooth development
Spermatogenesis and estrous cycles

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36
Q

excessive Vit A disease

A

Hyena disease (Bovine)-cause premature growth plate closure

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37
Q

what is Vit D used for

A

Regulate calcium and phosphorus for normal bone structure and maintenance
Synthesized in skin when animal exposed to UV light, inefficient in small animals

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38
Q

Vit E function

A

Antioxidant for cell health and repair
Helps preserve fats, EFAs, Vitamin A and AA
Supports skin integrity and immune system to help improve disease resistance

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39
Q

Vit K function

A

REQUIRED for normal blood clotting
Aids in function of clotting factors
Sources - plant and animal – greens, liver, egg, fish

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40
Q

Vit B complex function

A

Essential to metabolic processes and in body’s ability to use nutrients

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41
Q

Vit C function

A

Function:
- Key in production of collagen - structural component of skin, tendons, bone, cartilage and all other connective tissues
- Important antioxidant
- Guinea pigs, humans and primates cannot synthesize
- All plants contain some vitamin C

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42
Q

Minerals function

A

essential for metabolism

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43
Q

what are the macro minerals?

A
  1. Calcium (Ca)
  2. Phosphorus (Ph)
  3. Potassium (K)
  4. Magnesium (Mg)
  5. Sulfur (S)
  6. Sodium (Na)
  7. Chloride (Cl)
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44
Q

what are the micro minerals

A

Copper (Cu)
2. Zinc (Zn)
3. Manganese (Mn)
4. Iodine (I)
5. Selenium (Se)
6. Cobalt (Co)
7. Chromium (Cr)
8. Iron (Fe)

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45
Q

function of Calcium and phosphorous?

A
  • Main components of bone tissue
  • Important in cardiac & skeletal muscle function
  • Must be in correct ratio
    Imbalance (Ca:Ph) or excessive amounts result is skeletal deformities (reduced bone mineralization)
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46
Q

potassium function

A
  • Most abundant in cells
  • Essential for proper body fluid acidity and many metabolic processes
  • Excessive losses from vomiting or diarrhea, and
    too much potassium can cause fatal heart arrhythmias
  • Low potassium is a common issue for older cats, especially those with kidney problems
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47
Q

what mineral plays a role in acid/ base balance

A

potassium

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48
Q

what is the function of Magnesium

A
  • Component of bone and of carbohydrate and protein metabolism
  • Small Animal - Excess has been implicated in FLUTD (struvite urolithiasis) in cats
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49
Q

function of Sulphur

A

Involved in protein synthesis, energy metabolism, blood clotting, hormones and acid/base balance

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50
Q

function of sodium

A
  • Maintains metabolic water balance
  • Involved in nerve transmission & transport of amino acids in body
  • Commercial diets exceed recommended level by 4 – 15 times!
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51
Q

function of Chloride

A
  • Works closely with Na (sodium)
    -Maintains metabolic water balance, acidity balance and required for formation of stomach acids for digestion
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52
Q

function of Iron

A

ESSENTIAL component of hemoglobin and myoglobin (oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells)

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53
Q

function of copper

A
  • Necessary for normal absorption and transfer of iron in body
  • Aid in development of healthy red blood cells
  • Role in collagen synthesis and function (along with vitamin C)
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54
Q

too much copper causes _____ (inherited disease)

A

copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers, Westies

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55
Q

function of Zinc

A

Important for enzyme systems and protein synthesis
Important for skin and hair coat health

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56
Q

function of iodine

A
  • Required by thyroid gland for thyroid hormone synthesis
  • Prevention of goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)
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57
Q

function of chromium

A
  • Aids in insulin function
  • Improves glucose uptake by cells
  • Lowers serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations
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58
Q

Canned food vs. Dry food

A

Canned food -
- higher water content
more palatable
great for finicky eaters

Dry food –
- better for dental health

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59
Q

what are EFA used for

A

(essential fatty acids) used to optimize condition of skin & coat

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60
Q

what are Omega 3 fatty acids used for

A

may be beneficial in certain kidney, heart, skin and joint diseases (anti-inflammatory action)

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61
Q

what is yeast recommended for

A

to assist breaking down food

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62
Q

what are flavors used for

A

Improve palatability with finicky eaters….

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63
Q

nutraceutical definition

A

Nutritional products that may also have pharmaceutical properties.

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64
Q

glucosamine use

A

used to help form and repair body tissues such as cartilage

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65
Q

Chondroitin use

A

synergized with glucosamine. Chondroitin is a molecule that occurs naturally in the body. It is a major component of cartilage, the tough & connective tissue that cushions the joints

66
Q

what are oral nutrient supplements?

A

caloric supplement to help boost dietary intake in pets, particularly those suffering from under-eating or malnourishment.

66
Q

concerns for homemade diets

A
  1. Nutritional balance must be carefully monitored. Vitamin and mineral imbalances are especially common
  2. Diets must contain sufficient nutrients w/o exceeding daily energy requirements
  3. Homemade diets must be stored to prevents spoilage and preserves freshness.
  4. Many human foods are not appropriate for pets. Most processed foods contain excessive fat, sodium, spices and other ingredients that can be detrimental to pet health. Other foods may be toxic to pets—owners must do careful research and preferably work with their veterinarian on diet formulation
67
Q

items toxic to dogs

A

bread dough, onions and garlic, grapes and raisins, xylitol, chocolate, avocado

68
Q

items toxic to cats

A

bread dough, onions and garlic, chocolate (unlikely to eat on own), lilies, tylenol

69
Q

household items toxic to dogs/ cats

A

Human medications
Cleaning products
Rodenticides
Vitamin/mineral supplements

70
Q

organic diet definition

A

grown with only animal or vegetable fertilizers, such as manure, bone meal or compost.

71
Q

natural diet definition

A

not artificial or manufactured. A pet food without chemical alterations.

72
Q

AAFCO stands for

A

Association of American Feed Control Officials

73
Q

what does AAFCO do?

A
  • Nutrient profile
  • Labelling
  • Feed trial – actual application of the diet to specific species at particular life stage
74
Q

BARF diet stands for

A

B - biologically
A - appropriate
R - raw
F - foods

75
Q

PMR diet stands for

A

P - prey M - model R - raw

76
Q

advantages of Raw diet

A

Claims – better skin and coat, less disease, better immunity, calmer behavior, better breath and fecal odor

Claims - owner feels confidence in the freshness and wholesomeness of the ingredients (as they source them)

77
Q

disadvantages of RAW

A
  • these diets are NOT adequately balanced to maintain health. It could cause nutritional deficiencies and/ or excesses
  • FOOD POISONING if not cooked
78
Q

RAW diet human health concerns

A
  1. Handling of raw meat products – risk of infection
  2. Zoonosis – some infectious diseases can be transmitted from pets to humans (Salmonella, E-coli etc)
  3. Serious complications in young, elderly and immunocompromised people
79
Q

RAW nutritional deficiencies

A
  • Raw meat diets are high in protein and fat and very low in carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals
  • Nutrient composition and digestibility of raw and cooked meats are virtually identical
  • No “enzymes” in raw meat to enhance digestion
  • Incorrect Ca:Phos ratio
80
Q

RAW risks

A
  • Gastrointestinal perforation (rupture)
  • Intestinal obstructions
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Fractured teeth
81
Q

RAW health risks

A
  • secondary hyperparathyroidism (Ca)
  • Dermatoses (zinc)
  • Anemia (iron)
  • Orthopedic Conditions (Ca and Vit D)
82
Q

life stages AAFCO & AAHA

A

AAHA: Gestation/lactation, Puppy/kitten, Adult (young, mature), Senior
AAFCO: Growth / reproduction, Adult (maintenance)

83
Q

BCS considerations

A
  1. male or female? Spayed or neutered?
    - Orchiectomy or ovariohysterectomy can reduce the daily energy requirement by 1/4 to 1/3.
    - lactating female requires more energy.
    - intact male needs more energy at breeding time.
  2. Age?
    - puppies should be evaluated for appropriate nutrition every 2–3 weeks.
  3. What breed is the animal?
    - small breed vs large breed dog.
    - Siamese vs a Maine Coon cat.
  4. Is it a multi-pet household?
84
Q

3 methods of feeding

A
  1. free/ self feed
  2. time restricted
  3. food restricted
85
Q

what is colostrum

A

mom’s milk that is very high in protein and transfers important immune system elements (antibodies)

86
Q

how much should puppies gain

A

about 5% of their current body weight per day during the first 4 weeks.

87
Q

goals for feeding puppies

A

❏ Support immune system functions
❏ Reduce damage from free radicals
❏ Maintain a healthy body condition score
❏ Decrease chance of skeletal disease
❏ Improve brain and vision activity
❏ Support nutrient absorption
❏ Smaller stool volume / frequency, Improve stool consistency, Decrease fecal odor
❏ Improve skin and coat quality

88
Q

puppy protein needs

A

diet should contain greater than 28% protein (dry matter basis)

89
Q

addition to puppy food for immunity boost

A

Beta-glucans are found in hydrolyzed yeast - soluble dietary fibre

90
Q

how are meals used to house train

A

Puppies normally eliminate 5–15 minutes after eating a meal.

91
Q

how to change diet

A

over 7-10 days

92
Q

what are small breed puppies prone to

A

dental disease

93
Q

what are large breed puppies prone to

A

flatulence, diarrhea

94
Q

adult lifestage dogs

A

18 mos - 6 yrs (lg breeds)
12 mos - 7 yrs (sm breeds)

95
Q

major health concerns of adult dogs

A

dental disease, obesity, kidney disease

95
Q

why is calcium polyphosphate added to dog food?

A

curbing the development of calculus.. Calcium (Ca2+) cations in the saliva are required for the mineralisation step by which plaque is converted into calculus and polyphosphates work to interfere with this step.

96
Q

how much should dogs drink?

A

1 ounce of fluids per pound of body weight.

97
Q

goals for feeding senior dogs

A
  • Support immune system function
  • reduce damage from free radicals
  • Maintain a healthy body condition score
  • Support aging joints
  • Support brain and vision activity (cognitive function)
  • Improve stool consistency, Decrease fecal odor
  • Improve skin and coat quality
  • Slow down the progression of dental disease
98
Q

aging definition

A

a progressive reduction in the ability of an organism to meet the demand of the environment.

99
Q

how old is senior in dogs

A

7 to 10 years (large breed dogs)
8 to 16 years (small to medium sized dogs)
5 to 8 years giant breeds

100
Q

factors for aging

A
  1. Genetics and breed size: large breed dogs are senior at a younger age than smaller dogs.
  2. Gender: intact males are at greater risk of succumbing to diseases related to fighting and certain cancers such as prostate cancer.
  3. Disease: older animals have less reserve and an immune system that is not as functional as younger animals.
  4. Environment: there is a greater chance of an animal being hit by car or succumbing to infectious disease.
101
Q

protein range for a kitten

A

35-50% on a dry matter basis with at least 9% dry matter from an animal source

102
Q

fat range for kitten

A

18-35% on a dry matter basis

103
Q

calcium range kitten

A

0.8-1.6% calcium on a dry matter basis

104
Q

adult stage for cats

A

12 months to 7 years of age

105
Q

health concerns adult cats

A

dental disease, obesity, kidney disease, and lower urinary tract disease.

106
Q

why is excess Mg in cat food bad

A

component of struvite crystals in the urinary tract

107
Q

why is excess phosphorus bad for cats

A

excess P is a key component of FLUTD (feline lower urinary tract disease) and kidney disease.

108
Q

optimal pH of cat urine (adult phase)

A

6.2 - 6.4

109
Q

what are senior cats susceptable to?

A

weight loss, heart disease, kidney disease, metabolic diseases, and usually have a decreased activity level

110
Q

protien needs for senior cats more or less than adult

A

more due to kidney disease

111
Q

are cats more prove to struvite or Calcium oxalate stones in later life

A

calcium oxalate urolithiasis

112
Q

how much water do cats need?

A

3.5 to 4.5 ounces of water per 5 pounds of
body weight every day

113
Q

how to encourage a cat to drink

A
  • Provide fresh water every day.
  • Make sure the water bowl is filled to the brim at all times.
  • Some cats do not like the taste of tap water. You might wish to:
    • Refrigerate the tap water
    • Try Brita water.
    • Try distilled water.
    • Try bottled water.
  • Some cats will drink more water if a drop or two of tuna juice is provided.
  • If the cat prefers to drink from a tap, make sure it can always get to the tap.
  • Keep the food and water bowls away from the litter box area.
  • Keep the water bowl clean.
114
Q

overall goals for senior pets

A
  • To extend or improve the quality of life by taking care and dealing with existing problems.
  • To eliminate or decrease clinical signs of disease.
  • To slow or prevent the development and progression of disease.
  • To maintain optimum body weight.
115
Q

role of Glucosamine and/or Chondroitin

A

May help rebuild damaged cartilage occurring with osteoarthritis

116
Q

what vitamins should be increased with increased age?

A

Moderately increased intake of vitamins A, B1, B6, B12, and E

117
Q

what minerals should be reduced in old age?

A
  • Mild phosphorus reduction is recommended to decrease renal excretory workload.
  • Sodium consumption should be reduced.
118
Q

why do pets have decreased appetite in later years? How to fix?

A

the sense of smell diminishes and disease causes inappetance, palatability becomes a significant feature of a mature diet. Warming the food, sprinkling it with garlic powder (no salt), and feeding canned food are techniques that may enhance palatability.

119
Q

accessibility of food for sr pets

A

Make sure the pet can reach the food easily.
Make sure the older pet does not have to compete for food in a multi-pet household

120
Q

appropriate treats for older pets

A

Treats should meet the needs of the older pet. They should be low in salt, moderate in fiber, and lower in calories. Table food should be avoided.

121
Q

why feed wet to pets

A

Advantages:
- higher water content 60-65% (better for cats that don’t tend to drink water often or for dogs suffering from dehydration or GI upset).
- more palatable and can come in a lot of flavour choices
- good for picky or finicky eaters

Disadvantages:
- water content adds to the weight of the food, it does cost more than dry kibble.
- some canned food may contain more sugar and/or salt, which may not be appropriate
- will cause calculus or tartar buildup more rapidly

122
Q

why feed dry

A

Advantages:
- easiest to feed and manage when it comes to portion sizes
- good for dogs or cats that like to graze their food (measured amount can be given and they can eat what they want, then come back for more when they get hungry again)
- it can come in many sizes and shapes (large breed dog bites or small breed bite size)
- dry kibble tends to work well in food toys or with interactive feeders (makes the animal work/exercise for their meal).
- great for breaking away calculus or tartar build up along the teeth
- lower in cost compared to canned diets

Disadvantages:
- some diet types may contain more preservatives and artificial flavors.
- unnecessary fillers may be incorporated into the feed as well

123
Q

transition to new food- how to do

A

¾ of the old food with ¼ of the new (1-2 days)
½ of the old food with ½ of the new (3-4 days)
¾ of the new food with ¼ of the old (5-7 days)
FULL amount of recommended new diet (after day 7)

124
Q

AAFCO statement for all life stages- what does this mean?

A

likely contains excessive levels of some nutrients necessary for the most demanding life stages, which is growth. For example, it might contain higher levels of protein and calcium for kittens, but those levels are inappropriate for an adult or senior cat.

125
Q

how do labels show meat %age?

A

“chicken”: 95% w/w, 70% d/w
“chicken dinner/ entree”: 10%
“with chicken”: 3%
“chicken flavour”: only adds flavor

126
Q

what’s ingredient for meat

A

cattle, sheep, swine and goat

127
Q

what’s ingredient for poultry

A

chicken, duck, turkey

128
Q

what’s ingredient for meal?

A

Rendered, denatured and defatted (no hair, horn, teeth, hooves, feathers or feces)

129
Q

what’s a by- product

A

Internal organs, bone, brain (no hair, horn, teeth, hooves, feathers or feces)

130
Q

what’s gluten

A

Protein portion of a given grain

131
Q

Preservative:

A
  • Natural and synthetic
  • Required for dry , shelf stable semi moist and refrigerated (not for canned)
132
Q

difference between nutrient and ingredient

A

Ingredients are the vehicles that provide nutrients, while nutrients are food components that support life and are metabolically useful

133
Q

guaranteed analysis for cats

A

maximum per­centage of ash (the mineral com­ponent) is often guaranteed, as are the percentages of taurine and mag­nesium.

134
Q

guaranteed analysis for dogs

A

minimum percentage levels of calcium, phos­phorus, sodium and linoleic acid are found in some products.

135
Q

how is nutritional sufficiency done?

A
  1. The product, or the lead member of a family of products, is tested on live animals using AAFCO trial protocols and found to provide adequate nutri­tion
  2. Rather than testing the food on animals, its ingredients are formu­lated to meet the requirements of a specific nutrient profile established by the AAFCO
136
Q

what is lot # used for on food?

A
  1. The facility it was manufactured in (location)
  2. What date and time it was produced/ completed
  3. And what products were in that (type, amount, supporting suppliers)
137
Q

5 steps for pet food recommends at your clinic

A
  1. Get your whole clinic team involved
  2. Set expectations and build confidence /knowledge
  3. Have the conversation (clients want to hear about it!)
  4. Make a pet food recommendation! Include it in your treatment plan
  5. Chart it in the medical record and track progress
138
Q

what role does VMR have in food recommend

A
  • answer question about how long a bag will last
  • Explain how and when to reorder
  • Schedule recheck appointment
  • Reinforce message about continuous / long term feeding
  • Make follow up calls / reminders of food orders ( check inventory)
  • Divert any pertinent questions to the RVT or DVM
139
Q

what role does RVT have in food recommend

A
  • Answer questions about recommended diets (how much to feed, how to read label, quality of food - better coat, palatable, less feces, less fillers, etc.)
  • Discuss transitioning to a new food, including importance of
    continuous and long term feeding guides
  • Phone calls from clients with pet food questions
  • Inventory and ordering of pet diets
140
Q

what role does DVM have in food recommend

A
  • Meet with Reps to stay informed about new diets
  • Examine and diagnose patients
  • Develop diagnostic and treatment plans
  • Discuss Nutrition needs with clients
  • Select food to recommend
  • Explain benefits of food, answer questions as well
141
Q

how much food does a pet eat?

A

Pets eat about half of their body weight in dry food per month and about 6x their weight in a year.

142
Q

why therapeutic diets better

A
  1. Increase of the pet’s quality of life (disease specific diets, behaviour (calm), allergies, large and small dog diets, senior needs, less stool produced, nicer hair coat, etc.)
  2. Increase the length of the pet’s life (as per reasons above)
  3. Decrease veterinary costs in the long run
  4. Decrease the pet’s signs of diseases, and possibly medical costs
143
Q

value of a therapeutic diet (vet perspective)

A
  1. Nutrition based on evidence based science
    Pet Food companies have full time, highly qualified nutritionists/ DVM’s on staff
  2. Pet food formulations proven via feeding trials and not just analysis of the finished product
  3. Pet food companies own and run their own manufacturing facilities
  4. They practice STRICT quality control for ingredients and final products
144
Q

3 types of pet food

A

1 Kibble/Dry.
- most economical type of commercial dog/cat food, – lasts for a long time and does not need to be refrigerated.
- can also help to keep the pet’s teeth healthy, since chewing crunchy dry food helps to reduce tartar buildup.
2 Canned
- Most dogs/cats love canned, or wet, food
- it has a long shelf life but it can be expensive.
- how much digestible protein it provides. Indigestible protein will pass through the pet’s system without being broken down into absorbable nutrients, so it’s pretty much useless to them.
- most canned food is about 75 percent water.
- great for cats who don’t get their daily % of water intake

3 Semi-Moist
- least nutritional of all pet foods and contain many artificial flavors and colorings.
- can be given to the pet as an occasional treat

145
Q

how many pets overweight

A

53% of cats are overweight
43% of dogs are overweight

146
Q

conditions from obesity

A

Infertility
Increased dystocia issues
Decreased heat tolerance
Constipation, ulcers, and flatulence
Weakened immune system
Increased anesthetic risk

147
Q

BCS 1 points- emaciated

A

Ribs and lumbar vertebrae obvious
Pelvic bone obvious
Tail base prominent
Concave abdominal tuck
Severe hourglass shape
No body fat
Decrease muscle mass

148
Q

BCS 2 points- thin

A

Ribs and lumbar vertebrae easily seen
pelvic bone obvious
tail base bony - some soft tissue
concave abdominal tuck
marked hourglass shape

149
Q

BCS 3 points- optimal

A

Ribs and lumbar vertebrae easily palpated
Slight fat coverage
Tail base smooth
Concave abdominal tuck
Smooth hourglass shape

150
Q

BCS 4 points- fat

A

Ribs and lumbar vertebrae difficult to palpate
pelvic bone - palpable
tail base - fat deposition
no abdominal tuck
no hourglass shape

151
Q

BCS 5 points- obese

A

Ribs and lumbar vertebrae very difficult to palpate
pelvic bone difficult to palpate
tail base thick
convex abdominal
thick back

152
Q

weight loss points

A

a dog can safely lose 1 to 3-percent of its body weight and cats 0.5 to 2-percent per month

many dogs can lose 3 to 5-percent and most cats should aim for about a half-pound per month
never put a pet on a “crash diet,” they can develop serious medical conditions, including a life-threatening form of liver failure that can occur in less than 72 hours

153
Q

what is a muscle condition score

A

measure muscle definition (lowering of can be caused by muscle-wasting, OCD and osteo-issues)

154
Q

how is diabetes controlled in animals

A

Diabetes is managed long term by the injection of insulin by the owner once or twice a day.

Feeding requirements: Insulin needs are closely related to the type of food eaten by the pet. The veterinarian will recommend a specific diet and feeding regimen that will enhance the effectiveness of insulin.

155
Q

obesity prevention in cats

A

-fed by natural manner rather than unlimited calories

-multiple small meals to mimic natural prey instinct

-meals can be hidden around house or in an automated feeder (4-5 small meals programmed a day) – make eating fun , egg carton with food

156
Q

obesity prevention in dogs

A

-make a specific scheduled feeding time. Feed at the same time everyday

-feed your dog twice a day (better digestion, less bloat, and less hunger-related anxiety around the house. Remember to not feed anything but required diet- no table scraps)

-give your dog a quiet area to eat.

  • use Sophia Yin, Learn to Earn program - use a full meal or half meal to play games (act as reward) or exercise
157
Q

when do puppies get weaned?

A

7-8 weeks

158
Q

when do kittens get weaned?

A

4-6 weeks

AHT 1110 (3 decks)

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