chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

what structure is cranial on the heart

A

base

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2
Q

what structure is caudal in heart

A

apex

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3
Q

what is the line across the ventral heart

A

interventricular groove

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4
Q

what are the chambers above the atria called

A

auricles

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5
Q

what is the space between the lungs called

A

mediastinum

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous paricardium
serous pericardium: visceral and parietal layers

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7
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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8
Q

what separates the atria

A

interatrial septum

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9
Q

what separates the ventricles

A

interventricular septum

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10
Q

what is contained in the interatrial groove

A

cononary blood vessels and fat

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11
Q

what prevents backward blood flow in the heart

A

chordae tendonae

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12
Q

what are the chordae tendondae attached to

A

tricuspid/ bicuspid valves, papillary muscles

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13
Q

where is the heart skeleton located

A

between atria and ventricles

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14
Q

what is the function of the heart skeleton

A

⚪ separates atria and ventricles
⚪ anchors heart valves
⚪ point of attachment for
myocardium
⚪ electrical insulation between
atria and ventricles

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15
Q

where do the coronary arteries get their blood flow

A

arorta

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16
Q

where do coronary veins drain into

A

rt atrium

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17
Q

what system does the rt side of the heart supply

A

pulmonary

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18
Q

what is the sinoatrial node called

A

pacemaker

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19
Q

where does the signal from the sinoartrial node go

A

to the atrioventricular node

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20
Q

where does the signal from the AV node go

A

though the bundle of His to the purkinje fibres

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21
Q

what is systole measuring

A

myocardium contracting

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22
Q

what is diastole measuring

A

myocardium relaxing and repolarizing

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23
Q

what causes heart sounds

A

heart valves snapping shut

24
Q

what valve is downstream of the rt ventricle

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

25
Q

what valve is downstream of the left ventricle

A

aortic semilunar valve

26
Q

what is the lub sound after atrial systole

A

tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut

27
Q

what is the dub sound after ventricular systole

A

pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut

28
Q

what can cause heart murmur

A

valvular insufficiency, valvular stenosis

29
Q

what is cardiac output

A

volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle over a unit of time, usually a minute
stroke volume (SV) = systolic discharge x heart rate (HR)

30
Q

what is stroke volume affected by

A

⚪ preload
🡺 volume of blood received from atrium
⚪ afterload
🡺 physical resistance by artery the ventricle is ejecting blood into

31
Q

what are the 2 types of circulation

A

pulmonary, systemic

32
Q

what are the 2 types of arteries

A

aorta- large elastic
arterioles- muscular

33
Q

what are capillaries

A

microscopic blood vessels from branching arterioles

34
Q

what are the smallest veins called

35
Q

where do all systemic veins drain into

36
Q

Which blood vessel in the body
carries oxygenated blood like an
artery but carries it toward the
heart like a vein

A

pulmonary vein

37
Q

what is the hole in the atrial septum & what does it become

A

oval foramen -> fossa ovalis

38
Q

what is the shunt between the aorta and pulmonary artery & what does it become after birth

A

ductus arteriosus, ligamentun arteriosus

39
Q

why does ductus venosus exist

A

fetus does not need to filter blood until birth. its a bypass

40
Q

is auscultation a true pulse

41
Q

what is arterial blood pressure dependent on

A

⚪ heart rate
⚪ stroke volume
⚪ diameter and elasticity of the artery
⚪ total blood volume

42
Q

what is MAP

A

mean arterial pressure =
average pressure during one cardiac cycle

43
Q

what are the 2 types of blood pressure measurement

A

oscillometric method (cuff)
Dopper (systolic only)

44
Q

how does electrocardiography work

A

detects electrical impulses on surface of animal’s body
produces an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

45
Q

what is a p wave

A

time it takes the wave of depolarization (contraction) to travel from SA node through the atria

46
Q

what is a QRS complex

A

time of ventricular depolarization
(contraction)

47
Q

what is a T wave

A

time of vetricular relaxation (repolarization)

48
Q

what is echocardiography

A

⚫cardiac ultrasound procedure
⚫sound waves bounce off parts of the heart to watch
the heart beat
⚫used to evaluate size, shape, and movement of the
heart and its parts

49
Q

what is two-dimensional echocardiography

A

⚫produces 2-dimensional
cross-section image of
the heart
⚫ability to see heart
working in real time

50
Q

what is Doppler echocardiography

A

⚫measures blood flow
through the heart
⚫adds color to
two-dimensional image
⚫useful for evaluation of
valvular stenosis and
insufficiency

51
Q

what veins can you draw blood from on a cat

A

cephalic, jugular, femoral (medial)

52
Q

what veins can you draw blood from on a dog

A

cephalic, jugular, saphanous (lateral)

53
Q

what veins can you draw blood from on a cow

A

jugular, coccygeal

54
Q

what veins can you draw blood from on a horse

55
Q

what veins can you draw blood from on lactating dairy cattle

A

superficial caudal epigastric vein = milk vein

56
Q

what vein can you draw blood on for ruminents and rodents

A

coccygeal vein