chapter 14 Flashcards
what structure is cranial on the heart
base
what structure is caudal in heart
apex
what is the line across the ventral heart
interventricular groove
what are the chambers above the atria called
auricles
what is the space between the lungs called
mediastinum
what are the 3 layers of the pericardium
fibrous paricardium
serous pericardium: visceral and parietal layers
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
what separates the atria
interatrial septum
what separates the ventricles
interventricular septum
what is contained in the interatrial groove
cononary blood vessels and fat
what prevents backward blood flow in the heart
chordae tendonae
what are the chordae tendondae attached to
tricuspid/ bicuspid valves, papillary muscles
where is the heart skeleton located
between atria and ventricles
what is the function of the heart skeleton
⚪ separates atria and ventricles
⚪ anchors heart valves
⚪ point of attachment for
myocardium
⚪ electrical insulation between
atria and ventricles
where do the coronary arteries get their blood flow
arorta
where do coronary veins drain into
rt atrium
what system does the rt side of the heart supply
pulmonary
what is the sinoatrial node called
pacemaker
where does the signal from the sinoartrial node go
to the atrioventricular node
where does the signal from the AV node go
though the bundle of His to the purkinje fibres
what is systole measuring
myocardium contracting
what is diastole measuring
myocardium relaxing and repolarizing
what causes heart sounds
heart valves snapping shut
what valve is downstream of the rt ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
what valve is downstream of the left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
what is the lub sound after atrial systole
tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut
what is the dub sound after ventricular systole
pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut
what can cause heart murmur
valvular insufficiency, valvular stenosis
what is cardiac output
volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle over a unit of time, usually a minute
stroke volume (SV) = systolic discharge x heart rate (HR)
what is stroke volume affected by
⚪ preload
🡺 volume of blood received from atrium
⚪ afterload
🡺 physical resistance by artery the ventricle is ejecting blood into
what are the 2 types of circulation
pulmonary, systemic
what are the 2 types of arteries
aorta- large elastic
arterioles- muscular
what are capillaries
microscopic blood vessels from branching arterioles
what are the smallest veins called
venules
where do all systemic veins drain into
vena cava
Which blood vessel in the body
carries oxygenated blood like an
artery but carries it toward the
heart like a vein
pulmonary vein
what is the hole in the atrial septum & what does it become
oval foramen -> fossa ovalis
what is the shunt between the aorta and pulmonary artery & what does it become after birth
ductus arteriosus, ligamentun arteriosus
why does ductus venosus exist
fetus does not need to filter blood until birth. its a bypass
is auscultation a true pulse
no
what is arterial blood pressure dependent on
⚪ heart rate
⚪ stroke volume
⚪ diameter and elasticity of the artery
⚪ total blood volume
what is MAP
mean arterial pressure =
average pressure during one cardiac cycle
what are the 2 types of blood pressure measurement
oscillometric method (cuff)
Dopper (systolic only)
how does electrocardiography work
detects electrical impulses on surface of animal’s body
produces an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
what is a p wave
time it takes the wave of depolarization (contraction) to travel from SA node through the atria
what is a QRS complex
time of ventricular depolarization
(contraction)
what is a T wave
time of vetricular relaxation (repolarization)
what is echocardiography
⚫cardiac ultrasound procedure
⚫sound waves bounce off parts of the heart to watch
the heart beat
⚫used to evaluate size, shape, and movement of the
heart and its parts
what is two-dimensional echocardiography
⚫produces 2-dimensional
cross-section image of
the heart
⚫ability to see heart
working in real time
what is Doppler echocardiography
⚫measures blood flow
through the heart
⚫adds color to
two-dimensional image
⚫useful for evaluation of
valvular stenosis and
insufficiency
what veins can you draw blood from on a cat
cephalic, jugular, femoral (medial)
what veins can you draw blood from on a dog
cephalic, jugular, saphanous (lateral)
what veins can you draw blood from on a cow
jugular, coccygeal
what veins can you draw blood from on a horse
jugular
what veins can you draw blood from on lactating dairy cattle
superficial caudal epigastric vein = milk vein
what vein can you draw blood on for ruminents and rodents
coccygeal vein