chapter 12 Flashcards
what is peripheral blood
whole blood circulating in blood vessels. Carries oxygen, nutrients, waste materials
what is plasma
clear liquid in which cellular components are suspended
what are the cellular components of blood
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
what is the function of blood
- transportation of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, hormones, platelets
- regulation of body temperature, tissue fluid content, blood pH
3 defense system: white cell phagocytosis, platelets
define Hematopoiesis
production of all blood cells
where are red blood cells produced
red bone marrow
Adult sites: skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, pelvis, proximal ends of the femurs
where other than in red bone marrow can red blood cells be made?
yellow bone marrow (turns to red), liver, spleen
what controls Erythropoiesis
erythropoietin (EPO) released from cells in kidney
in response to hypoxia
define Thrombopoiesis
production of platelets (thrombocytes)
how are platelets formed?
- unipotential stem cell in bone marrow differentiates
into a megakaryocyte - pieces of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes are
released into peripheral blood as platelets
define Leukopoiesis
general term for formation of white blood cell
3 types of white blood cell production
granulopoiesis
lymphopoiesis
monopoiesis
Erythrocyte appearance
- mature cell lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
- biconcave disks with
- thinner central zone
- stain red
RBC functions
- transport oxygen to tissues (hemoglobin)
- transport carbon dioxide to lungs
- maintain cell shape and deformability
normal life span of RBC’s
mice (20-30 days)
cats (68 days)
dogs (120 days)
horses and sheep (150 days)
cows (160 days)
what is senescence
process of aging
what are the 5 types of WBC’s
granulocytes: basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils
agranulocytes:
lymphocytes and monocytes
where are WBC’s made
bone marrow
lymphoid organs and tissues
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils,
and gut associated lymph tissue (GALT)
Lymphatic System Functions
removal of excess tissue fluid
waste material transport
filtration of lymph
protein transport
describe Lymph Circulation
- excessive interstitial fluid picked up by small lymph capillaries
- fluid enters/leaves tissue spaces due to blood
pressure and osmotic pressure - lymph capillaries join together to form larger and larger lymph vessels
- utilization of one-way valves and body movements to propel lymph toward the heart
- lymph passes through at least one lymph node and picks up lymphocytes
6 macrophages in lymph node remove microorganisms - lymph is emptied into vena cava just before large
vein enters the heart
8.lymph has come full circle
Lymph Characteristics
- transparent or translucent liquid
- contains varying numbers of cells, primarily lymphocytes
- different from plasma:
more water, sugar, and electrolytes & fewer of the larger proteins found in plasma - lymph from digestive system = chyle
Lymphoid Organs
Primary: thymus, bursa of Fabricius , Peyer’s patches
Ssecondary: spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils
what does the thymus do
produces mature T-cells from precursors sent from the bone marrow
what is the bursa of Fabricius
found only in birds, by chlochea, like thymus
what do secondary lymphoid organs do
trap and process antigens and mature lymphocytes that mediate immune responses
what are lymph nodes
small, kidney bean-shaped filters located along
lymphatic vessels that trap antigens and other foreign materials in lymph
how does blood in spleen get put back int circulation
Trabeculae from capsule go into soft tissue of spleen. Smooth muscle cells contract and squeeze blood out of spleen and back into circulation
what are the 2 areas of the spleen
white and red pulp
what makes the tonsils unique
nodules of lymphoid tissue that are not covered with a capsule
Causes of Edema
- increase in BP
- decrease of plasma proteins
- increase permeability of capillaries
- decreased fluid excretion
- blocked lymphatic drainage
