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Psychology 3 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the early understanding of psychological disorders?

A

Treatments were based on the possession by evil model of illness, shifting to explanations using physical illness.

  1. Possession by evil: Early societies often attributed mental illness to supernatural causes, such as demonic possession or evil spirits. Treatments involved exorcisms, rituals, or other spiritual interventions.
  2. Asylums: Institutions created to house individuals with mental illnesses, often in poor and inhumane conditions during their early development.
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2
Q

Who were pioneers in advocating for moral treatment?

A

Phillipe Pinel and Dorothea Dix: Advocated for humane treatment, emphasizing dignity, compassion, and structured routines for patients, replacing cruelty and neglect with care and rehabilitation.

William Battie

Emil Kraepelin: A pioneer in psychiatric classification, he developed early systems for categorizing mental disorders based on symptoms, laying the foundation for modern diagnostic tools like the DSM.

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3
Q

What is the Medical Model in psychology?

A

A model that focuses on sets of symptoms, causes, outcomes, with treatment aimed at alleviating symptoms.

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4
Q

What does the Biopsychosocial model encompass?

A

Multiple perspectives: Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural.

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5
Q

How is abnormal behavior defined?

A

Maladaptive behavior causes distress to oneself or others, impairs day-to-day functioning, or increases the risk of injury or harm.

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6
Q

What is the difference between abnormal and unusual behavior?

A

Abnormal behavior includes hurting oneself, while unusual behavior could be graduating college before 20.

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7
Q

How are psychological disorders classified?

A

Using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

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8
Q

What are some types of psychological disorders classified in the DSM?

A

Neurodevelopmental disorders, Emotional disorders, Somatic disorders, Externalizing disorders, Neurocognitive Disorders, Personality disorders.

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9
Q

What are some problems with the DSM?

A

Overdiagnosis, like ADHD, power of diagnostic labels, confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems, illusion of objectivity.

  1. The illusion of objectivity and universality, such as drapetomania, reflect cultural and
    social prejudices
  • 20-70% of children don’t even have ADHD when they become adults
  • Drapetomania: urge to escape slavery
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10
Q

What is the mental disorder defense?

A

Formally known as the Insanity defense, used in less than 1% of Canadian court cases. Success rate less than 25%

Definition: A legal defense arguing that a defendant was not responsible for their actions due to mental illness. Example: John Hinckley Jr., who attempted to assassinate Ronald Reagan.

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11
Q

What characterizes Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?

A

All-or-nothing thinking, troubled relationships, and self-injury.

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12
Q

What are the traits of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?

A

Manipulative behavior, lack of empathy, cheating, and self-doubt.

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13
Q

What defines Histrionic Personality Disorder?

A

Use of flirtation and flattery, indulgent and risky behaviors, and sensitivity to criticism.

  • Latin for “like an actor”
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?

A

Profound lack of empathy, disregard for others’ rights, and tendency toward violence.

  • resistant to treatment
  • Linked to frontal lobes
  • Connection to trauma and abuse
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15
Q

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

A

A disorder where a person experiences a split in identity due to extreme stress.

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16
Q

What are the types of anxiety disorders?

A

Generalized anxiety disorder, Panic disorder, Agoraphobia, Social anxiety disorder, Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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17
Q

What is Major Depression?

A

Characterized by depressed cognition, sleep disturbance, appetite change, and digestive problems.

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18
Q

What is the vulnerability-stress model of depression?

A

It emphasizes how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses to produce mental disorders.

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19
Q

What are the stages of schizophrenia?

A

Prodromal Phase: Early signs such as social withdrawal, reduced motivation, and subtle cognitive impairments.
• Active Phase: Prominent symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized behavior.
• Residual Phase: Reduced symptoms, with ongoing impairments in functioning and occasional relapses.

20
Q

What environmental factors influence schizophrenia?

A

Maternal exposure to influenza, fetal exposure to stress, marijuana use, head injuries, urban environment.

21
Q

What are barriers to seeking psychological treatment?

A

Ambiguity of disorders, stigma, gender roles, expense, and availability.

22
Q

What is the focus of insight therapies?

A

The focus of insight therapy is to help individuals gain a deeper understanding of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors by exploring their underlying causes, often rooted in past experiences or unconscious processes.

23
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

Psychoanalysis is a therapy developed by Sigmund Freud that focuses on uncovering unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories, often from childhood, to understand and resolve psychological issues. It uses techniques like free association and dream interpretation to explore the mind.

24
Q

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?

A

therapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. It helps individuals recognize how their thoughts, emotions, and actions are interconnected and teaches practical strategies to develop healthier ways of thinking and behaving.

25
Q

What are the effects of antidepressant drugs?

A

They alleviate depression but do not produce happiness or a high.

26
Q

What are the side effects of antipsychotic drugs?

A

Muscular rigidity, tremors, and involuntary muscle movements like tardive dyskinesia.

27
Q

What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

A

A treatment that induces brief brain seizures, introduced in the 1930s, with mild side effects.

28
Q

What is the DSM?

A

Disorders classified using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM)
- Neurodevelopmental disorders
- Emotional (internalizing) disorders
- Somatic disorders
- Externalizing disorders
- Neurocognitive Disorders
- Personality disorders

29
Q

M’Naghten Rule

A

The M’Naghten Rule is a legal standard used to determine whether a defendant can be held criminally responsible for their actions due to a mental disorder. According to this rule, a defendant may be declared not guilty by reason of insanity if:
1. They were suffering from a mental illness at the time of the crime, and
2. They did not understand the nature and quality of their actions, or
3. They did not know that their actions were wrong.

30
Q

Personality Disorders: three clusters

A

• Cluster A: Odd/eccentric (e.g., paranoid, schizoid).
• Cluster B: Dramatic/emotional (e.g., borderline, narcissistic).
• Cluster C: Anxious/fearful (e.g., avoidant, obsessive-compulsive).

31
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD):

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD): A condition marked by excessive distrust and suspicion of others without justification.

Key Symptoms:

•	Unwarranted suspicion of others’ motives.
•	Hypersensitivity to criticism.
•	Reluctance to share personal information.
•	Misinterpreting benign actions as threats.
•	Holding long-term grudges.
32
Q

Schizoid Personality

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder: A condition characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships and a limited range of emotional expression.

Key Symptoms:

•	Preference for solitude. Cold and aloof
•	Little interest in forming close relationships.
•	Emotional coldness or detachment.
•	Indifference to praise or criticism.
•	Minimal enjoyment of activities, even hobbies.
33
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder:

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A condition marked by eccentric behavior, odd thinking, and difficulty forming close relationships.

Key Symptoms:

•	Odd beliefs or magical thinking (e.g., superstitions).
•	Unusual speech or behavior.
•	Social anxiety and discomfort with close relationships.
•	Suspiciousness or paranoia.
•	Distorted perceptions or unusual experiences.
  • Superior temporal gyrus
  • Pregnancy complications
34
Q

Avoidant personality,

A

-afraid of embarrassment
– Focussed on critic
– Avoid forming social bonbon
– Amygdala response

35
Q

Dissociative Disorders

Three Types:
A
  1. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID):
    • Presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities that take control of behavior. Often linked to childhood trauma.
    1. Dissociative Amnesia:
      • Memory loss about personal information or events, often due to trauma. May include fugue, where the person travels and assumes a new identity.
    2. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder:
      • Persistent feelings of detachment from self (depersonalization) or the environment (derealization), while knowing these feelings aren’t real.
36
Q

Agoraphobia:

A

Fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable during a panic attack, often leading to avoidance of public spaces.

37
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):

A

A disorder involving intrusive, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety.

38
Q

OCD and the Brain

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is linked to dysfunction in two primary neural “loops”:

A
  1. Orbitofrontal Loop:
    • Includes the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), basal ganglia, and thalamus.
    • Associated with OCD-related behaviors: repetitive thoughts and compulsions.
    1. Cognitive Control Loop:
      • Involves the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and visual regions of the brain.
      • Linked to cognitive symptoms of OCD: impaired working memory, decision-making, and attentional control.
39
Q

5-HTT Gene and Depression:

A

Variations in the 5-HTT gene (short allele) are linked to increased sensitivity to stress and a higher risk of depression.

The 5-HTT gene influences serotonin activity.
• People with two short alleles of the 5-HTT gene are more susceptible to depression when exposed to stress, while those with long alleles are more resilient.

40
Q

Depressive Explanatory Style:

A

Depressive Explanatory Style:
• Internalizing: Blaming oneself for failures.
• Stabilizing: Believing negative events will persist.
• Globalizing: Applying failures to all areas of life.

41
Q

What becomes overactive in the brain in depression
What does chronic stress damage

A

• The HPA axis (regulated by the amygdala and hippocampus).
• Chronic stress damages hippocampal cells, reducing the brain’s ability to manage stress hormones.

42
Q

Positive vs. Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Positive vs. Negative Symptoms:
• Positive Symptoms: Excessive or distorted behaviors, such as hallucinations or delusions.
• Negative Symptoms: Absence of normal behaviors, such as lack of emotion or social withdrawal. Decline in working memory or, disorganized behavior.

43
Q

Five Common Subtypes of Schizophrenia:
• Paranoid.
• Disorganized.
• Catatonic.
• Undifferentiated.
• Residual.

A

Paranoid schizophrenia
Symptoms include hallucinations and/or delusions.

Disorganized schizophrenia
This subtype is marked by disorganized speech and behavior.

Catatonic schizophrenia
Associated with multiple psychomotor abnormalities and behavioral dysregulation.

Undifferentiated schizophrenia
Includes lack of emotional depth, and ideation is simple and refers to concrete things.

Residual schizophrenia
It is the recovery phase as severe symptoms usually begin to reduce or fade.

44
Q

Two Neurotransmitters Associated with Schizophrenia:

A

Two Neurotransmitters Associated with Schizophrenia:
• Dopamine: Overactivity linked to positive symptoms.
• Glutamate: Dysfunction linked to negative and cognitive symptoms.

45
Q

Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis for Schizophrenia :
Suggests that schizophrenia results from?

A

Suggests that schizophrenia results from disruptions in brain development during early life, often triggered by genetic and environmental factors.

Psychology 3 (7 decks)

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