Chapter 15 Flashcards
What domains are microbes found in?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
How many species of microbes are in your intestines?
400
How many species of microbes live in your mouth?
500
How many species of microbes live on your skin?
200
Can microbes live in all environments?
Yes
Characteristics of microbes in the Domain Bacteria:
Prokaryotic cells, cell membrane and wall, proteins that function as organelles, and nucleic acids that instruct proteins.
What are the classification of microbes in Domain Bacteria?
Coccus, Bacillus, and Spirochetes.
Cocci bacteria are…
Spherical shaped.
Bacilli bacteria are…
Rod-shaped.
Spirilla bacteria are…
Spiral-shaped.
How is bacteria identified?
Gram staining.
How do bacteria survive in so many habitats?
They form capsules.
How do bacteria reproduce?
Through binary fission.
How long does it take for E. coli to generate?
20 minutes
How long does it take E. coli to go from 1 cell to 20 billion?
12 hours
What is conjugation?
When a bacterium transfers a copy of some or all of its DNA to another bacterium.
What is transduction?
A virus that has pieces of bacterial DNA inadvertently picked up from its previous host and infects a bacterium.
What is transformation?
When a bacterium picks up DNA from its surrounds, usually from dead bacteria.
What do chemoorganotrophs feed on?
Organic materials.
What do chemolithotrophs feed on?
Inorganic materials, such as mine tailings.
What do photoautotrophs feed on?
The sun, which they use to produce glucose.
Why can photoautotrophs photosynthesize?
They have chlorophyll.
Example of a photoautotroph similar to life 2.6 BYA that produced oxygen:
Cyanobacteria
What are some beneficial bacteria?
Probiotic and normal flora.
What do probiotics and normal flora do for us?
They prevent and treat UTIs and GI issues, crowd out bad bacteria, and release lactic acid to prevent harmful bacteria from attaching to the walls of the bladder and urinary tract.
What foods do beneficial bacteria make?
Yogurt, cheese, wine, and beer.
What is nitrogen fixation?
When nitrogen is taken from the atmosphere and is converted into compounds.
True or false: Beneficial bacteria don’t do nitrogen fixation.
False
Examples of bacteria that is always pathogenic:
Cholera, TB, and plagues.
Examples of bacteria that is sometimes pathogenic:
Acne, strep, and necrotizing fasciitis.
What is infant botulism?
When a baby ingests toxins from a bacteria.
What is foodborne botulism?
Botulism caused by food, such as honey.
More people die from ––– than HIV
Staph (MRSA)
Why is it important to take the entirety of some perscritptions?
Stopping before the prescription is finished can allow harmful bacteria to stay alive and multiply.
Antibiotics in agriculture are…
Beneficial in the short-term.
Why are antibiotics beneficial in agriculture?
They promote growth and minimize disease.
Do antibiotics pass through the food chain, and end up in people’s foods?
Yes
What is the purpose of pasteurization?
It kills pathogenic bacteria.
Do ticks carry diseases?
No, they carry bacteria that cause disease.
What diseases do the bacteria from ticks cause?
Lyme and Rocky Mtn. Spotted Fever.
Characteristics of extremophiles:
High tolerance to different pressures and acidity.
Types of extremophiles:
Thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens.
What benefits do Domain Archaea provide?
Degrage hydrocarbon by cleaning refineries and cleaning oil spills.
What do archaea do for us?
Methanogens, specifically, break beans down so we can eat them. They’re also the cause of the uncomfortable byproducts associated with eating beans.
What are the microbes in Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista?
Protozoans, algae and seaweeds, and slime molds.
Characteristics of Protozoans:
Animal-like protists.
Characteristics of algae and seaweeds:
They are plant-like protists.
Characteristics of slime molds?
Fungus-like protists.
Example of a protozoan:
Plasmodium
What does plasmodium, cause, and what carries it?
It causes malaria, and is carried by mosquitos.
Examples of algae:
Green, red, and brown.
Example of green algae:
DiatomsE
Example of red algae:
The wrap part of sushi.
Example of brown algae:
Giant Kelp
Is Giant Kelp microbial?
No
How big does giant kelp grow?
Up to 30 meters.
Why is Giant Kelp valuable to the ecosystem?
1000 species rely on the forests they make.
True or false: Viruses are not alive.
True
What are Prions?
Non-living infectious agents.
Examples of pandemics that viruses cause:
Influenza and HIV
What is the structure of a virus?
A capsid (container made of protein), genetic material, plasma membrane, and glycoproteins.
Difference between enveloped and non-enveloped viruses:
Enveloped viruses wrap themselves in the plasma membrane of a host cell, non-enveloped ones are only enclosed by a capsid.
Examples of viral diseases:
Influenza, rabies, Ebola, Hantavirus, West Nile virus, Zika, and good ol’ Corona.
Which of the following only effects mammals: The flu, rabies, Ebola, or Zika?
Rabies.
Types of the flu:
Spanish influenza, Korean flu, swine fever, SARS, Avian flu, and H1N1.
What is a retrovirus?
An RNA virus that mutates easily, contains an enzyme to make DNA, and has copies that mutate independently.
How does HIV turn into AIDS?
It attacks WBCs.
What STDs do bacterium cause?
Gonorrhea, syphillis, and chlamydia.
What STDs do viruses cause?
HIV/AIDS, genital herpes, and HPV.
What STD do protists cause?
Trichomoniasis
What STD do fungi cause?
Yeast infections.
What STD do arthropods cause?
Crab lice
