Chapter 14 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of plants?
Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, are sessile, and have cellulose in cell walls.
What does autotrophic mean?
An organism that creates its own food.
What are some challenges associated with stationary living?
Not being able to obtain food, having trouble finding mates, and resisting predation.
What do plants do when they can’t reach sunlight?
They bend in place to grow towards the light.
One way male and female plants reproduce?
By having alternating haploid and diploid life stages and using other organisms to transport the male gametes.
The types of plants:
Non vascular, vascular seedless, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
Characteristics of non-vascular plants:
No vessels to transport water and nutrients.
Characteristics of vascular seedless plants:
Has vessels to transport water and nutrients and doesn’t produce seeds.
Characteristics of gymnosperms:
Has vessels to transport water and nutrients, produces seeds, and doesn’t produce flowers or fruit (cones).
Characteristics of angiosperms:
Has vessels to transport water and nutrients, produces seeds, and produces flowers and fruit.
How did plants evolve in response to gravity?
They grew close to the ground to resist the pull of gravity (ie; moss).
How did plants evolve in response to desiccation?
They developed an outer waxy layer called a cuticle which covers their entire surface.
Are are the most likely ancestors of plants?
Green algae.
When does algae appear in the fossil record?
472 MYA
What are bryophytes?
Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.
Why are bryophytes important?
They help with flood and erosion control, are used to create peat, and is used (as peat) to dry barley for Scotch.
Are bryophytes vascular?
Nah
How do bryophytes reproduce?
By releasing haploid spores that grow and produce gametes.
What part of moss is the haploid form?
The spongy part.
What is the diploid form of the moss?
The spore capsules on top of the stalks.
Examples of vascular seedless plants:
Ferns and horsetails.
What do vascular seedless plants rely on to reproduce?
The wind.
Wen were vascular seedless plants a key component of swamps?
360-300 MYA
What are spores?
Single-celled things with DNA, RNA, and a few proteins.
What are seeds?
A multicellular embryo with a store of nutrients.
Examples of gymnosperms:
Conifers, cycads, gnetophytes, and ginkgo.
When did gymnosperms evolve?
160 MYA
How do gymnosperms reproduce?
By wind pollination.
Why are conifers important?
We need them for wood, paper, food (pine nuts, juniper berries (makes gin), and because they make up some of the oldest.
What are angiosperms:
The majority of plants on the planet that flower and are used to make food and medicine.
When did angiosperms evolve?
135 MYA
What is the structure of a male flower?
The anther which produces pollen and the filament which is the supporting stock.W
What is the male reproductive structure of a flower called?
The stamen.
What is the structure of a female flower?
The stigma which is a sticky tip, the style which is an elongated stalk, and the ovary which contains the ovules.
What is the female reproductive structure of a flower called?
The carpel.
How do plants attract pollinators?
By tricking bees to mate with the flower and by bribing them with nectar. In both instances, the bee is covered in pollen.
How do angiosperms disperse seeds?
Getting carried by the wind, get carried off by an animal, or by attaching to passing animals.
What does foxglove do?
Slows your heart rate.
What does willow bark do?
Provide pain relief.
What does ipecacuanha do?
Causes vomiting.
What are the characteristics of fungi?
They are more related to animals, are eukaryotic, lack chlorophyll, contain chitin, are heterotrophic, and can be multi or unicellular.
What kingdom do plants belong to?
Plantae
What kingdom do fungi fall under?
Fungi (dumbass)
How many phyla are in the Fungi Kingdom?
7
What are the major groups of fungi?
Yeasts, truffles and mushrooms, and molds.
What are the characteristics of fungi?
Feeding by absorbing decaying materials and secreting enzymes.
What is the largest organism in the world?
The yellow honey mushroom fungus.
What are some harmful fungi for plants?
Wheat rust and dutch elm disease.
What are harmful fungi for people?
Yeast infections, jock itch, ringworm, toenail fungus, toxic mold, and aspergillis.
What is cedar apple rust?
A disease caused by a fungal pathogen that needs two hosts to complete its life cycle.
How are fungi helpful?
We use them for penicillium, cholesterol drugs, bread, alcohol, cheese, and truffles.
How do plants and fungi live symbiotically?
Mycorrhizal fungi grow with the roots of plants, receiving sugar in exchange for nitrogen and phosphorous.
Example of mutualism in lichens:
A fungus uses enzymes to break down a rock, and algae produce energy for it through photosynthesis.
WHat method of reproduction do plants and fungi share?
Spores
What is an example of a vascular seedless plant?
A fern
What is the cell wall component in fungi?
Chitin
Plants and fungi are —-, or anchored to the ground.
Sessile
All true fruits come from a —-
Flower
What is the process where trees remove carbon dioxide pollution from the air?
Sequestration
What is the term for the complex branching structures of fungi?
Hyphae
What is the name for an organism that is a decomposer, has cell walls, and is sessile?
Fungi
What is an example of a root, such as a sweet potato?
Tuber
What is the term for a photosynthesizing organism with cell walls and reproduces via seeds?
Plant
What is an example of club fungi?
Mushrooms
What is an example of imperfect fungi?
Bread mold; yeast
What is an example of ac fungi?
Morels
What plant group is characterized by its spores and roots?
Vascular seedless
What plant group do avocados, roses, cucumbers, and sunflowers belong to?
Angiosperms
What plant group has seeds that are. stored in a cone?
Gymnosperms
What group of plant grows close to the ground without veins for water transport?
Non-vascular seedless
A fungi single-celled or multi-celled?
Both
Are plants single-celled or multi-celled?
Multi-celled
Are Fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?
Heterotrophic
Are plants heterotrophic or autotrophic?
Autotrophic
In fungi, the cell walls are made of —-
Chitin
In plants, the cell walls are made off —-
Cellulose
Do fungi reproduce with spores or seeds?
Spores
Do plants reproduce with spores or seeds?
Both
