Chapter 14- The Latin West 1200-1500 Flashcards
How many Western Europeans were rural during this time? Page 351
9/10 +
What was the average life expectancy for Europeans of this period? Page 353
30-35 years
Three field system
Grew crops on 2/3 land and planted the third in oats.
What proportion of Europeans did the Black Death kill? Page 353
1/3 W Euorpeans
What were water and wind mills used for? Page 355
Water mills= Harnessed power of ocean and control river
Wind mills= In dry areas where watermelons useless in winter
What were at least three negative environmental consequences of Europe’s urbanization? Page 356
- Pollution
- Deforestation
- Urban tanneries (factories to produce leather) dumped acidic wastewater back into streams…mixed with human waste and runoff form slaughterhouses-lead to 1388 1st anti-pollution law by English Parliament
Where was the largest populations of Jews found in Europe? How were they treated? Page 358
Spain (earlier Islamic rulers welcomed them). Violent persecutions or expulsions (peaked in times of crisis i.e. Black Death) and attacks
In the thirteenth century, what caused Italian Eastern Mediterranean trade to be strengthened? Page 356
Westward expansion of Mongol Empire
Discuss at least three roles of guilds in Middle Ages Europe. Page 359
- Trained apprentices and promoted members interests in city gov’t
- Regulate business practices and prices
- Perpetuate male dominance in most skilled jobs
What “architectural wonder” first made its appearance in Florence (+ France) on or about the year 1140 CE? Page 362
The Gothic Cathedral
What are at least three distinctive features of he Gothic cathedral? Page 362
- Pointed arch
- External buttresses stabilizing high, thin stone columns
- Allowed builders to make them tall and put stained glass on outside
Where did the Renaissance begin? Page 364
Renaissance= rebirth
Began in N Italy and later spread to N Europe
The West was first part of the world where what became a regular part of urban life? Page 363
Clocks
When (what events) did Greek and Arabic manuscripts come into Western European hands? Page 364
When S Italy was taken from Byzantines and Sicily, and Toledo from Muslims in 11th cent.
The modern university first appeared in Western Europe (Latin West). And what language were all courses taught? Page 364
Latin
What is the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri about? In what language was it written? Page 365
Dante’s journey though 9 circles of hell and 7 terraces of purgatory, followed by entry into Paradise. Written in Tuscany (vernacular lang. in region).
Guide thru hell=Virgil
Guide thru Paradise=Beatrice
What does the idea of the rebirth of learning overlook? Page 365
The fact that scholars at monasteries and universities had been recovering and preserving all kinds of Greco-Roman learning for many cent.
What was humanists’ greatest influence? Page 365
Reforming secondary edu.
What fostered artistic growth in northern Italy and Flanders during the Renaissance? Give an example. Page 368
The patronage (sponsorship) of wealthy and edu. merchants and prelates (bishop or other high ecclesiastical dignitary).
What changes in weaponry transform later medieval military technology and eventually lessen the relevancy of nights? Page 368
- Arrow (improved crossbows shot metal-tipped arrows with lot of force, pierce helmets and armor)
- Firearm (Chinese invention using gunpowder to shoot stone or metal)
What did the Magna Carta, which King John was forced to sign, do? Page 370
Confirmed independence of church and city of London and granted nobles hereditary rights.
Magna Carta= “Great Charter” in 1215
Who is Joan of Arc and why she important? Page 371
She was a French peasant woman who dressed as a knight and rallied French troops to defeat the English in 1429. She was taken by English and burned at stake as a witch in 1453.
How did the “new monarchies” differ from the medieval predecessors? Page 371
They had greater centralization of power, more fixed national boundaries, and stronger representative institutions.
In what three ways were the “new monarchies” able to raise funds? Page 372
- Encouraged noble vassals to make monetary payments instead of military service
- Taxes on merchants
- The church
By 1500, what was the role of Parliament in England? Page 372
Permanent part of English gov’t… House of Lords=great nobles and English church officials, and House of Commons=rep. towns and leading citizens in counties
What did Western Europeans refer to themselves as? Page 350
W=Franks
E=Latins
Guilds
Association of craft specialists, such as silversmiths, or merchants that regulated business practices of members and prices charged
Scholasticism
System of theology and philosophy taught in medical Europe universities
Who wrote Summa Theological?
Thomas Aquinas
Humanists
Philosophical and ethical stance emphasizing value and agency of humans, individually and collectively, and prefers critical thinking (rationalism) and evidence over faith (fideism).
Hundred Years War
1337-1453 fight between king of France and his vassals (included kings of England and heads of Flanders, Brittany, and Burgundy).
