Chapter 14: The High Renaissance in Northern Europe and Spain Flashcards
Habsburg family
ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1438 to 1740, two branches: Austrian and Spanish
Charles V
inherited the Spanish throne at 19 after his mother, Joanna was declared in sane after her husband Philip the Handsome died, his conquests brought Italian culture to Spain and the North, divided territories between his brother Ferdinand and his son Philip when he was abdicated in 1556.
the Netherlands
was turning protestant, Calvinistic-led riots which caused the Spanish to militarily restore order and conduct a reign of terror, The 80 Years’ War followed which lead to Netherland’s independance, Queen Elizabeth I supported the Netherlands and in 1587 the English admiral Sir Francis DRake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz and delayed the Spanish armada from attacking England for a year, great art was produced
England
ruled by the Tudors during the Renaissance, dynasty began with Henry VII who married Elizabeth of York to have power over England, Wales, and Ireland to restore the financial security following wars.
Henry VIII
had 6 wives, murdered them when they bore only daughters (because of his tiny dick), big fan of beheading,
Elizabeth I
became queen after her predecessor and half-sister Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary), secularized the country, remained the “Virgin Queen”, couldn’t marry an Englishman or the leading aristocratic families would go to war and marrying a foreign ruler would have compromised England’s status as a leading European power, established her court as a center of art and learning, after a war with Spain and a series of poor harvests and weakened the economy her authority faltered, but she had regained the people’s love
Martin Luther
95 theses, challenged the Roman Catholic doctrine of indulgences, advocated for the abolition of statues and images and the right of clergy to marry (bye bye celibacy ;P) and was therefore excommunicated
Anabaptists
A member of a radical 16th-century reform movement that viewed baptism solely as a witness to the believer’s faith; therefore, Anabaptists denied the usefulness of baptism at birth and baptized people mature enough to understand their declaration of faith, fueled the Peasants’ War in Germany and are the ancestors of the Amish, Hutterites, and mennonites.
Calvinism
Switzerland embraced Luther and abolished statues and images and let the clergy “do the do”, sacraments were baptism and communion only, John Calvin preached a brand of Protestantism that was more extreme than Luther, god was seen as omnipotent and omniscient, one’s selection for salvation is predestined. Must live as though one is among the elect (those who are to be saved)
Core beliefs:
total depravity: all people are depraved because of the original fall into sin
unconditional election: god will save through mercy despite all of humanity’s fall into sin
limited atonement: Jesus’s atonement serves to save only those who are among the elect
irresistible grace: a saving grace instilled by god among the elect
perseverance of the saints: the maintenance of faith among the elect despite hardship or temptation
sacraments
A visible sign of inward grace, especially a Christian rite believed to symbolize or confer grace.
communion
A Christian sacrament in which consecrated bread and wine are consumed as memorials to the death of Christ or in the belief that one is consuming the body and blood of Christ.
curia
the body of tribunals and assemblies through which the pope governed the church
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
the most important Netherlandish painter of the second half of the 16th century
anthems
The English term for a motet; a choral work having a sacred or moralizing text; more generally, a song of praise.
virginal
An early keyboard instrument small enough to be held in the lap of the player.
