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Psych 2040 > Chapter 14: Social Influences > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Social Influences Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean for a parent to be warm and responsive?

A

They care about their children and their problems. They want to spend time with them and help them

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2
Q

What are the two aspects of control in parenting?

A

Psychological manipulation and behavioural (imposing limits)

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3
Q

Describe authoritarian parenting

A

high control and little warmth- expect obedience and do not really consider the child’s needs or wishes- low self-esteem and aggressive

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4
Q

Describe authoritative parenting

A

fair control with warmth and responsiveness- explain rules and allow discussions- sociable, responsible, self-reliant

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5
Q

Describe permissive/ indulgent parenting

A

warmth with little control- accept the child’s behaviour and do not punish them a lot- give them too much independence when they are too young- impulsive with little self-control

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6
Q

Describe uninvolved parenting

A

no warmth or control- provide basic physical and emotional needs but not much more- aggressive and do bad in school

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7
Q

Low economic class tends to come with what kind of parenting style

A

authoritarian

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8
Q

What is direct instruction?

A

telling a child what to do, when, and why- parents who coach kids on emotional and social behaviour help kids learn the skills needed to be good people while understanding the reason behind their behaviour

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9
Q

What is counterimitation?

A

When a kid learns what not to do through learning by observing

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10
Q

What are the two forms of feedback?

A

Reinforcement (action that increases the chance of the response) and punishment (action that discourages that response)

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11
Q

Reinforcement is the best form of feedback but what type of punishment is best when this does not work?

A

Negative punishment

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12
Q

What is the Negative Reinforcement Trap?

A

reinforcing a behaviour that a parent wants to discourage- giving up when a kid pushes back- most common with a mother and her son

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13
Q

What factors make punishment best?

A

When it happens right after the incident, is consistent, comes with an explanation, the child has a warm relationship with the punisher, the severity matches the behaviour

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14
Q

What is the most effective form of punishment and why?

A

Time outs because it gives cool down time and then parents can provide an explanation

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15
Q

What is a Time-in

A

Another form of a time out when a parent gives the explanation right away

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16
Q

When does parental conflict create problems for children?

A

When it is chronic

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17
Q

How should parenting change as the kids gets older?

A

Control should be strong when younger then allow for more autonomy when the kid is older

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18
Q

What is the percentage of divorce in Canada?

A

38%

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19
Q

How long does it take for a kid to adjust after divorce?

A

Typically 2 years

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20
Q

T/F when parents split it is best for the child to be with the same sex parent

A

True

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21
Q

How can parents reduce the effects of divorce?

A

explain why and what will happen and encourage discussion when the child is upset

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22
Q

What are some things that parents should not do after divorce?

A

Compete for attention, take anger out on kids, criticize ex, have children mediate

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23
Q

What percentage of kids will display severe problems after divorce?

A

20-25%

24
Q

Why can bringing two families together cause problems?

A

Biological parents will favour their biological kids over step children

25
Q

T/F second marriages are more likely to succeed

A

False

26
Q

What are the styles of grandparents?

A
  • Influential grandparents- close with their grandchildren and perform parental roles
  • Supportive grandparents- close but do not take parental roles
  • Authority-oriented grandparents- provide discipline but are not very active in their grandchildren’s lives
  • Passive grandparents- involved but not like influential or supportive and do not take parental roles
  • Detached grandparents- uninvolved completely
27
Q

What is open adoption?

A

When an adopted child still has contact with their biological parents

28
Q

What attribute of siblings stays consistent from preschool to adolescence?

A

How close siblings are

29
Q

What are the forms of maltreatment?

A

Physical, sexual, psychological, neglect, exposure to domestic abuse

30
Q

What is ego-resilience?

A

A kid’s ability to respond to new situations

31
Q

Why do some parents abuse their kids?

A

They were abused themselves, they do not have effective parenting strategies, have expectations that are too high, feel like they do not have control over their kids

32
Q

Why are kids with disabilities more likely to be abused?

A

They need more care and they might cause stress due to their financial needs

33
Q

Where do most cases of abuse take place?

A

In a child’s home by their parent

34
Q

How early do babies start interacting with peers?

A

6 months

35
Q

What are the three stages of play?

A
  • Parallel play- soon after 12 months- play alone but are interested in what others are doing
  • Associative play- 15-18 months- stop playing buy themselves and start playing and interacting with others
  • Cooperative play- close to 2 years- children play around a theme and have roles related to the theme- ex hide and seek- this type of play happens almost always by age 3 or 4 and by age 6 is with exclusively same sex friends 2/3 or the time
36
Q

What form of play is most commonly in the form of make belief play?

A

Cooperative play

37
Q

How early does pretend play start?

A

16 months if done with a parent

38
Q

What cognitive abilities does pretend play increase

A

language, memory, exec control, empathy, dealing with fears, dealing with emotions

39
Q

When does solitary play start to have negative effetcs?

A

Wandering- going in between activities and not playing
Hovering- watching others play but not joining

40
Q

How do parents impact socialization?

A

act as playmates (while scaffolding), direct social interaction, coach their kids, mediate conflict, giving their kids a secure attachment which promotes socialization

41
Q

How does the selection of friendships change as a child develops?

A

When the kid is young it is due to common interest, then trust is added, then intimacy in adolescence

42
Q

T/F people like being friends with people who are similar to them and they become more similar when they are friends

A

True

43
Q

What is co-rumination?

A

friends spending time together and talking about problems. More likely with females

44
Q

What are some factors that contribute to when people have sex?

A

testosterone for boys, estrogen and social factors (when friends are having it, family structure, need of support) for girls

45
Q

Why to teens not use contraceptives?

A

Ignorance, illusion of vulnerability, lack of motivation, lack of access

46
Q

What is a clique?

A

4-6 people who are similar in sex, race, age and interests

47
Q

What is a crowd?

A

larger group with similar values that have a label- ex jocks

48
Q

When are teens more susceptible to peer influence?

A

When they are still forming their identity

49
Q

When is peer pressure more likely?

A

kid is younger, has more social anxiety, views peer as high status, peers are friends, appropriate behaviour standards are not clear

50
Q

What are the categories of popularity?

A
  • Popular- liked by peers- skilled academically and socially with high EI (prosocial), some aggressive kids are respected by peers when they use aggression as a means for another end and are then popular (antisocial)
  • Rejected- not liked- aggressive (bad social skills and react badly), withdrawn (socially awkward and anxious)
  • Controversial- both liked and disliked- high sociability and high aggression
  • Average- liked and disliked but with a lower intensity
  • Neglected- ignored by peers- usually introverted and don’t mind not having a lot of friends
51
Q

T/F having a busy schedule has negative effects on kids

A

False

52
Q

What are latchkey children?

A

kids who care for themselves

53
Q

What makes a daycare good?

A

proper play equipment, low ratio of children to caregiver, positive interactions, educational and social stimulation

54
Q

What number of hours of work starts to negatively impact school per week?

A

20+ hours

55
Q

What are some factors that help kids in school?

A

Academic excellence is the primary goal (staff and students know this), climate is safe, parents are involved, mentoring programs, progress is monitored (students and teachers) are all ways schools can be successful

56
Q

How can teachers make kids successful?

A
  • Manage the class and make most of the time for instruction
  • Take responsibility for the outcome of their kids
  • Pay attention to pacing- slow enough to make kids understand but fast enough to avoid boredom
  • Emphasize mastering a topic fully- going through all the elements in depth so kids understand
  • Teach actively- hands on activities and encourage interaction and participation
  • Value tutoring- teach individually or in small groups to understand if a kid is getting a concept
  • Give kids effective learning strategies
  • Get feedback from teaching experts to improve

Psych 2040 (5 decks)

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