Chapter 12: Moral Understanding and Behaviour Flashcards
What needs to improve for delayed gratification to improve?
Cognition
How do one, two and three year olds control their behaviour?
one year- know there are rules but need help from adults to control themselves
two years- use self-control when parents are not around
three years- self-regulate to control desires and use tactics to do this
What parenting strategy helps kids think for themselves and develop self-control?
inductive reasoning
How can self-control be improved?
Prioritizing long term goals and reducing the attraction of the temptation. Giving kids a plan can help guide them when they are tempted
What are Paiget’s stages of moral development?
- Premoral- ages 2 to 4- no developed moral sensibility
- Moral realism- 5 to 7- rules are made by adults and cannot be changed- heteronomous realism (absolute rules that are handed down)- kids also believe in immanent justice (breaking a rule always leads to punishment)- consider damage caused more
- Moral relativism- 8 to 10- rules are created by people to help them get along- considered to have autonomous morality (morality based on free will)- consider intention and consequences- new rules can be created if they make more sense
What is the preconventional level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- Preconventional level- punishment and reward
- Stage 1- obedience orientation- adults know what is right and wrong and they listen to avoid punishment
- Sage 2- instrumental orientation- people do good things and expect something in return
What is the conventional level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- Conventional level- based on social norms
- Stage 3- interpersonal norms- act in a way that would win approval from others- good buy or good girl
- Stage 4- social system morality- rules are made to maintain order and are for the good of people
What is the postconventional level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- Postconventional level- moral decisions are based on moral principles
- Stage 5- social contract orientation- people enter into a social contract that benefits all group members. If the law no longer does this then the rules can be changed
- Stage 6 universal ethical principles- abstract principles that are the basis of morality- justice, equality, compassion
What is the issue with Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
It is not cross-cultural
What did Carol Gilligan think the difference was between men and women in morality?
Men think more in terms of justice and women think more in terms of caring for others
What is personal domain?
Choices pertaining to oneself and their decisions
What are social conventions
behaviour agreed by a cultural group
What are the three levels of morality that are believed to be innate?
moral goodness (feeling for others), moral evaluation (identifying those who do not cooperate), moral retribution (punishment)
What are Eisenburg’s stages of moral development?
- Stage 1- hedonistic orientation- pursue self pleasure
- Stage 2- approval-focused orientation- behave as society expects
- Stage 3- empathetic orientation- consider others’ perspectives and how their actions will impact
What is one good technique in promoting moral reasoning?
Discussion of advanced moral topics
How early can altruistic acts be seen?
18 months old
T/F kids are less likely yo help someone when that person helped them
False
What are some skills that contribute to prosocial behaviour?
perspective taking, empathy, moral reasoning
What are some factors that are related to prosocial behaviour?
Feeling of responsibility, feeling of competence, mood, cost
T/F identical twins have similar levels of prosocial behaviour compared to fraternal twins
True
What neurotransmitter promotes prosocial behaviour?
oxytocin
What is the difference between aggressive behaviour and assertive behaviour?
The latter is goal-oriented and respects the rights of others
What is instrumental aggression?
using aggression to achieve a goal
What is hostile aggression?
the only goal is to harass or intimidate
