Chapter 12: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

Question 1

What needs to improve for delayed gratification to improve?

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

How do one, two and three year olds control their behaviour?

Answer 2

one year- know there are rules but need help from adults to control themselves
two years- use self-control when parents are not around
three years- self-regulate to control desires and use tactics to do this

Question 3

What parenting strategy helps kids think for themselves and develop self-control?

Answer 3

inductive reasoning

Question 4

How can self-control be improved?

Answer 4

Prioritizing long term goals and reducing the attraction of the temptation. Giving kids a plan can help guide them when they are tempted

Question 5

What are Paiget’s stages of moral development?

Answer 5

• Premoral- ages 2 to 4- no developed moral sensibility
• Moral realism- 5 to 7- rules are made by adults and cannot be changed- heteronomous realism (absolute rules that are handed down)- kids also believe in immanent justice (breaking a rule always leads to punishment)- consider damage caused more
• Moral relativism- 8 to 10- rules are created by people to help them get along- considered to have autonomous morality (morality based on free will)- consider intention and consequences- new rules can be created if they make more sense

Question 6

What is the preconventional level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 6

• Preconventional level- punishment and reward
• Stage 1- obedience orientation- adults know what is right and wrong and they listen to avoid punishment
• Sage 2- instrumental orientation- people do good things and expect something in return

Question 7

What is the conventional level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 7

• Conventional level- based on social norms
• Stage 3- interpersonal norms- act in a way that would win approval from others- good buy or good girl
• Stage 4- social system morality- rules are made to maintain order and are for the good of people

Question 8

What is the postconventional level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 8

• Postconventional level- moral decisions are based on moral principles
• Stage 5- social contract orientation- people enter into a social contract that benefits all group members. If the law no longer does this then the rules can be changed
• Stage 6 universal ethical principles- abstract principles that are the basis of morality- justice, equality, compassion

Question 9

What is the issue with Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

Answer 9

It is not cross-cultural

Question 10

What did Carol Gilligan think the difference was between men and women in morality?

Answer 10

Men think more in terms of justice and women think more in terms of caring for others

Question 11

What is personal domain?

Answer 11

Choices pertaining to oneself and their decisions

Question 12

What are social conventions

Answer 12

behaviour agreed by a cultural group

Question 13

What are the three levels of morality that are believed to be innate?

Answer 13

moral goodness (feeling for others), moral evaluation (identifying those who do not cooperate), moral retribution (punishment)

Question 14

What are Eisenburg’s stages of moral development?

Answer 14

• Stage 1- hedonistic orientation- pursue self pleasure
• Stage 2- approval-focused orientation- behave as society expects
• Stage 3- empathetic orientation- consider others’ perspectives and how their actions will impact

Question 15

What is one good technique in promoting moral reasoning?

Answer 15

Discussion of advanced moral topics

Question 16

How early can altruistic acts be seen?

Answer 16

18 months old

Question 17

T/F kids are less likely yo help someone when that person helped them

Answer 17

False

Question 18

What are some skills that contribute to prosocial behaviour?

Answer 18

perspective taking, empathy, moral reasoning

Question 19

What are some factors that are related to prosocial behaviour?

Answer 19

Feeling of responsibility, feeling of competence, mood, cost

Question 20

T/F identical twins have similar levels of prosocial behaviour compared to fraternal twins

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What neurotransmitter promotes prosocial behaviour?

Answer 21

oxytocin

Question 22

What is the difference between aggressive behaviour and assertive behaviour?

Answer 22

The latter is goal-oriented and respects the rights of others

Question 23

What is instrumental aggression?

Answer 23

using aggression to achieve a goal

Question 24

What is hostile aggression?

Answer 24

the only goal is to harass or intimidate

Question 25

What is reactive aggression?

Answer 25

some behaviour leads to another child’s aggression

Question 26

What is relational aggression and what is sex is more likely to use it?

Answer 26

hurting others by weakening relationships through things like gossip. Girls

Question 27

What factors make aggression more likely?

Answer 27

high testosterone, temperament, some genes, neurotransmitter deficiencies, neglect, bad modeling, not monitoring a child’s life, exposure to violence in media, academic failure, limited cognition to see full picture,

Question 28

What is socialized aggression?

Answer 28

Aggression that is expected in a situation

Question 29

T/F The effects of bullying are depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and these effects are long lasting

Answer 29

True