Chapter 11: Understanding Self and Others

Question 1

What does the mirror test reveal?

Answer 1

That babies aged 18-24 months have self-awareness and a self-image

Question 2

By what age do kids start using I and me and know some qualities about themselves?

Answer 2

2 years old

Question 3

How do preschoolers describe themselves?

Answer 3

With physical traits, preferences, possessions and competencies =

Question 4

What age do kids start describing themselves as how they compare to others at a certain task?

Answer 4

5-7 years old

Question 5

How to adolescents describe themselves that is new to this age?

Answer 5

attitudes, beliefs, personality, occupation- abstract traits

Question 6

What is an enduring self and how can adults help kids develop this for kids?

Answer 6

It is their life story and they can remind them of events that they have experienced

Question 7

What are the two outcomes when the discrepancy between a child’s current self and their ideal self is too big?

Answer 7

Either they get discouraged or it gives them motivation

Question 8

Describe all of Erikson’s stages

Answer 8

• Erikson’s stages
• Basic trust vs mistrust- birth to 1- caregivers give warm care and develop trust- when this is absent or inconsistent it creates mistrust
• Autonomy vs shame and doubt- 1 to 3- children learn to control themselves and caregivers need to give choices so the child can accomplish basic tasks on their own
• Initiative vs guilt- 3 to 5- to develop a sense of purpose by accomplishing goals while respecting other family members
• Industry vs inferiority- 6 to puberty- develop confidence through positive interactions- working towards goals to receive some praise in return
• Identity vs Identity confusion- adolescence- develop a lasting sense of self- through love, work and ideology

Question 9

According to Erikson, what do we need to do to reach full identity?

Answer 9

Stop being dependent on parents and then peers.

Question 10

How does Erikson suggest adolescents establish their identity?

Answer 10

By imagining themselves in different roles

Question 11

What is imaginary audience?

Answer 11

When someone feels like they are always being watched and judged

Question 12

What is adolescent egocentrism?

Answer 12

A teenagers search for identity through self-absorption

Question 13

What is a personal fable

Answer 13

when someone feels like their experiences are unique and no one else feels what they feel

Question 14

What is the illusion of invulnerability? How is this dangerous for teens who are sexually active?

Answer 14

The belief that misfortune only happens to others. Teens feel like they will not get pregnant because that only happens to other people

Question 15

Describe Marcia’s Theory of Identity Development

Answer 15

• Identity diffusion- lack direction and no exploration of self- incomplete sense- the task seems overwhelming so they do little to achieve one
• Identity foreclosure- determined mostly by adults rather than personal experience- committed to values but without exploration and are from their parents’ strong influence
• Identity Moratorium- still exploring and do not have a satisfactory identity- means delay- explored but has not committed
• Identity achievement- alternatives have been explored and an identity chosen

Question 16

T/F Marcia’s stages of identity development cannot be mixed and are linear without going back

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What is negative identity

Answer 17

When the identity someone chooses is undesirable to others

Question 18

T/F a child needs to feel secure to explore freely. Parents and peers can help with this and poverty does not

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What are the three stages of ethnicity identity development?

Answer 19

Lack of examination of ethnic roots, exploration of ethnic heritage, ethnic identity is established in self-concept

Question 20

What are the two best ways to fit into a new culture?

Answer 20

Maintenance of ethnic identity and acculturation (assimilate to a new culture)

Question 21

What is shifting frames?

Answer 21

changing identity based on context

Question 22

T/F pop culture accurately depicts the turmoil of identity formation in the teenage years

Answer 22

False

Question 23

T/F Parents read into disagreements more than teens do

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What attributes of self-esteem do kids have at the elementary school age?

Answer 24

scholastic competence, athletic competence, social competence, physical appearance, behavioural conduct

Question 25

What attributes of self-esteem are added in adolescence?

Answer 25

job competence, close friendships, romantic appeal

Question 26

T/F Physical appearance is more important than other domains when it comes to overall self-esteem

Answer 26

True

Question 27

When is self-esteem best?

Answer 27

Preschool age

Question 28

How do domains impact self-esteem?

Answer 28

Self-esteem is high when competency is high in a domain that matters to a person

Question 29

What are the risks to self-esteem when parents praise their kids too much? How can a parent prevent this?

Answer 29

Kids stop trying things because they risk failing. Praise effort and not results as well as emphasize trying hard even when the task seems difficult

Question 30

What are the consequences of low self-esteem?

Answer 30

problems with peers, higher risk of psych disorders, more involved in bullying and aggressive behaviour, poorer school performance

Question 31

Describe the circular effects of success in relationships on self-esteem

Answer 31

Success in relationships causes positive self-worth which breeds more success

Question 32

At what age do kids stop seeing others in a positive light and require a lot of evidence to prove someone is bad?

Answer 32

Age 10

Question 33

Describe Robert Selman’s 5 stages of perspective taking

Answer 33

• Undifferentiated- 3-6 when kids know the self and others can have different thoughts but they confuse them
• Social-informational- 4-9 when kids know perspectives are different because they get different info
• Self-reflective- 7-12 when kidsstep into the shoes’ of others
• Third person- 10-15 when kids step outside of the current situation and view it from a third perspective
• Societal- 14 to adult when kids understand a third person’s perspective is influenced by broader contexts

Question 34

What is recursive thinking?

Answer 34

“He thinks that she thinks” and emerges at ages 5 or 6

Question 35

T/F Preschoolers learn that they are a part of a different group then claim their group is better

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What can help eliminate bias and prejudice?

Answer 36

Exposure to different groups, working towards a common goal with everyone at the same status