Chapter 11: Understanding Self and Others Flashcards
What does the mirror test reveal?
That babies aged 18-24 months have self-awareness and a self-image
By what age do kids start using I and me and know some qualities about themselves?
2 years old
How do preschoolers describe themselves?
With physical traits, preferences, possessions and competencies =
What age do kids start describing themselves as how they compare to others at a certain task?
5-7 years old
How to adolescents describe themselves that is new to this age?
attitudes, beliefs, personality, occupation- abstract traits
What is an enduring self and how can adults help kids develop this for kids?
It is their life story and they can remind them of events that they have experienced
What are the two outcomes when the discrepancy between a child’s current self and their ideal self is too big?
Either they get discouraged or it gives them motivation
Describe all of Erikson’s stages
- Erikson’s stages
- Basic trust vs mistrust- birth to 1- caregivers give warm care and develop trust- when this is absent or inconsistent it creates mistrust
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt- 1 to 3- children learn to control themselves and caregivers need to give choices so the child can accomplish basic tasks on their own
- Initiative vs guilt- 3 to 5- to develop a sense of purpose by accomplishing goals while respecting other family members
- Industry vs inferiority- 6 to puberty- develop confidence through positive interactions- working towards goals to receive some praise in return
- Identity vs Identity confusion- adolescence- develop a lasting sense of self- through love, work and ideology
According to Erikson, what do we need to do to reach full identity?
Stop being dependent on parents and then peers.
How does Erikson suggest adolescents establish their identity?
By imagining themselves in different roles
What is imaginary audience?
When someone feels like they are always being watched and judged
What is adolescent egocentrism?
A teenagers search for identity through self-absorption
What is a personal fable
when someone feels like their experiences are unique and no one else feels what they feel
What is the illusion of invulnerability? How is this dangerous for teens who are sexually active?
The belief that misfortune only happens to others. Teens feel like they will not get pregnant because that only happens to other people
Describe Marcia’s Theory of Identity Development
- Identity diffusion- lack direction and no exploration of self- incomplete sense- the task seems overwhelming so they do little to achieve one
- Identity foreclosure- determined mostly by adults rather than personal experience- committed to values but without exploration and are from their parents’ strong influence
- Identity Moratorium- still exploring and do not have a satisfactory identity- means delay- explored but has not committed
- Identity achievement- alternatives have been explored and an identity chosen
T/F Marcia’s stages of identity development cannot be mixed and are linear without going back
False
What is negative identity
When the identity someone chooses is undesirable to others
T/F a child needs to feel secure to explore freely. Parents and peers can help with this and poverty does not
True
What are the three stages of ethnicity identity development?
Lack of examination of ethnic roots, exploration of ethnic heritage, ethnic identity is established in self-concept
What are the two best ways to fit into a new culture?
Maintenance of ethnic identity and acculturation (assimilate to a new culture)
What is shifting frames?
changing identity based on context
T/F pop culture accurately depicts the turmoil of identity formation in the teenage years
False
T/F Parents read into disagreements more than teens do
True
What attributes of self-esteem do kids have at the elementary school age?
scholastic competence, athletic competence, social competence, physical appearance, behavioural conduct
