CHAPTER 14: SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE Flashcards

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1
Q

second line of defense actions

A
  • recognition
  • inflammation
  • phagocytosis
  • interferon
  • complement
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2
Q

Inflammation: 4 major signs

A
  • redness: inc circ and vasodilate in injured tissues
  • warmth: heat from inc blood flow
  • swelling: inc fluid, vasodilate (edema), WBC/microbes/fluid can collect as pus
  • pain: stim nerve endings from pressure or released chemicals
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3
Q

inflammation primary functions

A
  • loss of function
  • mobilize and attract immune components to site of injury
  • destroy and block microbes from further invasion
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4
Q

chronic inflammation- why is it bad

A
  • cause of tissue injury and autoimmune disease
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5
Q

inflammation: immediate reaction post injury

A
  • vasoconstrict for clot formation
  • mast cells release chem stimulators, cytokines and chemokines to regulate defenses
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6
Q

major events in inflammation

A
  • vasc reaction after clot form, nearby vessels dilate (influx og immune components, cause redness and warmth)
  • edema and pus formation (collect fluid/exudate, influx neutrophils, fluid dilute toxins)
    pus made of WBC, microbe, debris
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7
Q

major events in inflammation: resolution/scar formation

A
  • site of damage last more than few days–> attract monocyte, lymphocyte, macrophage

fibroblast for repair/replace damaged tissue

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8
Q

phagocytosis- activities

A
  • survey tissue compartments, find microbes
  • ingest and ELIMINATE
  • extract immunogenic info
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9
Q

phagocytosis- neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages actions

A

Neutro: react early to bacteria, main part of pus

eosin: attracted to PARASITE infections

macrophage: from monocyte, process foreign substance and prep for B/T cell reactions

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10
Q

leukocyte characteristics: chemotaxis and diapedesis

A

chemo: response to chemical at injury site (chemokine, endotoxin, PAMP)
- cause WBC to migrate to wound

diap: cells leak out of blood vessels and into tissue (leukocyte extravasation, leuk walking)

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11
Q

Pyrogen

A
  • substance that induces fever
  • use hypothalamus to inc body temp
  • tell muscles inc heat and vasoconstrict
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12
Q

exogenous vs endogenous pyrogens

A

exo: products of infectious agents (LPS of gram -)

endo: liberated by monocytes, neutrophil, and macrophage during phago
- interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factors

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13
Q

benefits of fever

A
  • hurts temp sensitive microbes
  • bacteria cant have iron as a nutrient
  • inc metab and immune reaction

but.. TOO high of a fever is BAD.

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14
Q

Recognizing foreign cells- macrophage
- TLRs
- what does it detect specifically
- how does the cascade work w the TLR

A
  • macrophage cell memb has Toll like receptors (TLR)
  • 10 types act as PRR to recog PAMPs
  • recog dsRNA or LPS, not specific for the pathogen just the MOLECULE
  • signal macro to produce chem to stimulate immune response

each TLR one half, foreign molecules joins in a dimer, starts signal cascade to nucleus turn on genes that control immune response, PRODUCT turns off genes

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15
Q

Phagocytosis: when does it occur/how (general statement)

A

after chemotaxis–> phagocytes migrate and recog PAMPs (phagosome)

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16
Q

phagolysosome

A

phagosome fused with lysosome

17
Q

phagocytosis: how is the bacteria destroyed
- oxygen used, neutrophil and lysosome actions, PAD4, neutrophil net

A
  • phagosome use oxygen dep syste, and unstable toxic oxygen forms (ex: singlet O2)
  • neutrophils dont live long bc of toxic/reactive O2 forms
  • lysosome has toxic chem–> when fuse to phagosome that HAS the bacteria, it will KILL it
  • PAD4 unpackage chromosome of neutro and send out w lethal agents on it

this net kills other bacteria, nucleases chop it up, macrophages remove it

18
Q

phagocytosis: process creates what?

A

autoantibodies that can develop into an autoimmune disease

19
Q

Interferons: what is it

A
  • chemicals that have downstream effects on cells
  • small proteins made by WBC and tissue cells
20
Q

Interferons: types of proteins

A

interferon alpha: lymphocytes and macrophage
interferon beta: fibroblasts and epithelial cells
interferon gamma: T cells

21
Q

Interferons: why are they made

A

in response to viruses, RNA, immune products, and antigens

  • tell your body that cancer cells are present, and induce expression of antiviral proteins that inhibit expression of cancer genes
22
Q

interferons: how do they work

A
  • when the cell detects an infection, turns on beta, and the neighboring cells can sense the interferon
  • signals to other cells that a virus is nearby and tells it to turn antibody defenses on HIGHER
  • turns on series of antiviral proteins to make it less hospitable to the virus trying to infect it
23
Q

Complement
- made up of what
- where is it made
- purpose
- how are the proteins activated

A
  • 26 blood proteins work together to destroy bacteria/viruses
  • made in LIVER (hepatocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes)
  • come together to make holes in cell membrane
  • activated by cleavage

CASCADE: diff proteins touch one another and activate each other