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Network+ Certification > Chapter 14 - Remote Connectivity > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Remote Connectivity Flashcards

1
Q

Define SONET/SDH

A

Primary standard for connecting long distance high-speed fiber-optic transmission systems
Ring-Based topology
Package DS1, DS3, and E1 signals into huge frames
Synchronous Optical Netowork (North America)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (Euro)
Originally designed to handle heavy duty circuits

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2
Q

What was a switch board used for

A

Two wires created a physical circuit between two phones

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3
Q

Define Multiplexer

A

Combined a circuit with a few hundred other circuits into a single circuit

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4
Q

Define Demultiplexer

A

Splitting the individual connections back out

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5
Q

Define Modulation Techniques

A

Technically means converting a digital signal to analog or pushing analog to a higher frequency

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6
Q

What was a local exchange

A

A defined grouping of individual phone circuits severed by a single multiplexer by adding a certain frequency to a call. Connections between exchanges were carried over special multiplexed trunk

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7
Q

Define Frequency division multiplexing

A

Adding a certain freqency multiplier to each call to keep calls separate when passing through a multiplexer

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8
Q

What is the ‘last mile’

A

The connection from a central office to individual users

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9
Q

Define Modulator

A

A digital signal is converted into a analog signal

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10
Q

Define Demodulator

A

Converts an analog signal to a digital signal

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11
Q

What is another name for a modem

A

Modulator-Demodulator

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12
Q

Give an example explaining how digital signal rate is converted

A

A sound is split into 8-bit chunks 8000 times a second creates a datastream of 64 Kbps

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13
Q

What speed is DS0

A

64 Kbps

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14
Q

What is a T1 line

A

shielded two pair cabling connecting two T1 connections. Two wires are for sending data, two for receiving. The jack they use is RJ48C

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15
Q

What is a CSU/DSU

A

At the end of a T1 line is a box that connects a consumer location to a provider.

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16
Q

What speed is DS1

A

25 pieces, 24- channels and 1 framing bit.
1 channel = 8- bit DS0
= 193 bits per DS1 frame @ 8000/s
= 1.544 Mbps

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17
Q

Define Time division multiplexing

A

the process of having frames that carry a portion of every channel in every frame sent on a regular interval.

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18
Q

Define Fractional T1 access

A

Providers will sell individual channels to consumers

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19
Q

What speed does a T3 line run at and how many channels does it have

A

672 DS0 Channels @ 45 Mbps

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20
Q

Define E1 line

A

E-carrier is a european format\

32 channels @ 2.048 Mbps

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21
Q

Define E3 line

A

16 E1 (512 Channels) lines @ 34 Mbps

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22
Q

Define Optical Carrier

A

OC standards denote the optical data carrying capacity of fiber-optic cables in networks
OC-1 = 51.8 Mbps
OC-768 = 39.9 Gbps

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23
Q

Define Dense Wavelength Division

A

enables an individual single mode fiber to carry multiple signals by applying different wavelengths to signals

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24
Q

What two forms of packet switching does WAN use

A

Frame Relay and ATM

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25
Q

Define Frame Relay

A

designed for and used primarily with T carrier lines. Works well for off and on traffic. Discards frames when there is network congestion

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26
Q

Define ATM

A

Asynchronous Transfer Mode integrated voice video and data on one connection using short and fix-length frames (cells)
Speeds ranged 155.52 to 622.08 Mbps

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27
Q

Define MPLS

A

Multiprotocol Label Switching consists of four parts
- Label - unique identifier
- Cost - relative value to determine importance of packet
- S - used to increment lables (may be multiple labels
- TTL determines the number of hops it can make before being eliminated
MPLS Routers talk to each other about overhead
Ideal for end user VPNs

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28
Q

What does a MPLS header look like

A

Label | CoS | S | TTL

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29
Q

Define Forwarding Equivalence Class

A

FEC is a group of devices that tend to send packets to the same place

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30
Q

Define Label Switching Router

A

LSR looks for and forwards packets based on their MPLS label

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31
Q

Define Label Edge Router

A

LER is an MPLS router that has the job of adding MPLS labels to incoming packets that do not yet have a label. This is the entrance and exit for a MPLS network.

32
Q

Define Label Distribution Protocol

A

LSRs and LERs used LDP to communicate dynamic information about their state

33
Q

Define Bit Error Rate Test

A

BERT verifies the T-carrier connection from end to end

34
Q

What are solutions for the ‘last mile’

A 
Dial up
DSL
Broadband
Satellite
Cellular WAN
Fiber
BPL
35
Q

What is a dedicated line

A

lines that are always off the hook. This creates a permenant hard-wired connection between the two locations

36
Q

What is a dial up line

A

have phone numbers that must be dialed in order to make a connection

37
Q

What is Public Switched Telephone Network

A

PSTN is a regular phone line the same line that used to run into everybody’s home telephone jacks to the LEC.
Baud rate of 2400

38
Q

Define LEC

A

Local Exchange Office

39
Q

Define IXC

A

Interexchange Carrier provides long distance service

40
Q

Define Baud

A

When a telephone microphone converts the sounds into electrical waveforms that cycle 2400 times/s, the 2400 is the baud rate, one cycle is 1 baud

41
Q

How does a PC connect over telephone lines

A

PCs need one device that converts 8-bit wide digital signal into a serial digital data and another device to convert the data into analog waveforms

42
Q

What is a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

A

UART takes the 8-bit wide digital data and hands it to the modem for conversion

43
Q

What are the common speeds for V standards

A 
Define the speed at which a modem can modulate
V.22 = 1200 bps
V.22bis = 2400 bps
V.32 = 9600 bps
V.32bis = 14400 bps
V.34 = 28,000 bps
V.90 = 57, 600 bps
V.92 = 57, 600 bps (upstream faster than V.90)
44
Q

What are the standars for how modems compress data and perform error checking

A

V.42 Error checking
V.42bis Data Compression
V.44 data compression
MNP5 Both error checking and data compression

45
Q

What is ISDN

A

Integrated Service Digital Network is the process of sending telephone transmissions across fully digital lines end to end

46
Q

What are the two channels for ISDN

A

Bearer channels - carry data and voice info using DS0

Delta Channels - carry setup and configuration info

47
Q

What is Basic Rate Interface Setup

A

Used two B channels and one D channels, uses only one line, and doubles the throughput to 128 kbps.

48
Q

What is PRI

A

T1 line carrying 23 B channels

49
Q

What is a terminal adapter

A

A modem for a ISDN network that also functions as a hub to support a direct LAN connection

50
Q

What is a Service Profile ID

A

SPID is a special number used in a ISDN telephone.

51
Q

What is DSL

A

Digital subscriber line manifests as just another PSTN connection using the same telephone lines and RJ11 jacks. Need to be within 18,000 meters of a switch

  • Symmetric DSL
  • Asymmetric DSL
  • Very High Bit Rate DSL (VDSL) (AT&T), 100 Mbps, 300 meter max
52
Q

What speeds does SDSL come in

A

192 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps

53
Q

What speeds does ADSL come in

A

Upload: 128 Kbps to 768 Kbps
Download: 384 Kbps to 15 Mbps

54
Q

What three information channels does DSL use

A

High-speed downstream channel
medium - speed duplex channel
POTS channel

55
Q

What is a DSLAM

A

DSL Access Multiplexer allow multiple connections are once.

56
Q

What cable and protocol do cable modems use

A

Coax Cable using Data over cable service interface specification (DOCSIS)
Broadband standard

57
Q

What are the 6 common Cellular technologies

A 
GSM/EDGE
CDMA
HSPA+
WiMAX
LTE
58
Q

Define GSM

A

Global System for Mobile reilied on type of time division multiplexing called TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Current version is Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution uses speeds up to 384 Kbps

59
Q

Define CDMA

A

Code Division Multiple Access uses a spread spectrum form of transmission (changes the frequencies used by each user).

60
Q

Define HSPA+

A

High Speed Packet Access provides theoretical speeds of 168 Mbps rarely passed 10 Mbps.

61
Q

Define WiMAX

A

Speeds 30 Mbps to 1 Gbps

Provided the idea of rolling out wifi to entire cities.

62
Q

Define LTE

A

Long Term Evolution
300 Mbps download, 75 Mbps upload
Coexist data and voice

63
Q

Define WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

A

technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity.

64
Q

Define Passive Optical Network (PON)

A

Architecture that uses a single fiber to the neighborhood switch and then individual fiber runs to each final destination. WDM is allows multiple signals on one line and then passively splits it at the switch.

65
Q

What is PLC

A

Power line communications encompasses everything from voice to high speed internet access by using the electrical power lines.
Example: Broadband over Power Lines (BPL)

66
Q

What are the six common forms of remote access

A 
Dial-Up to Internet
Private dial-up
Virtual Private Network 
Dedicated Connection
Remote Terminal
VoIP
67
Q

What is required to start a dial up connection

A 
Modem
Telephone Number
User name and password
Type of connection (almost always PPP)
IP info (usually just DHCP)
68
Q

What is required for a private dial up connection

A

Requires two systems, one acts as a remote access server and the other, client, uses a connection tool.

69
Q

What authentication methods does a RAS server use

A

PAP, CHAP, EAP… and so on (standard authentication methods

70
Q

Define dedicated connection

A

connections that are never disconnected.

  1. connection between two locations
  2. connection to the internet
71
Q

Explain the split cable problem

A

Every time a cable is split the signal degrades by half

72
Q

RDP uses what port

A

Port 3389

73
Q

What are the three important standards for VoIP

A

RTP - Real-time transport protocol
SIP - Session Initiation Protocol
H.323 - related to SIP

74
Q

What is RTP used for

A

defines the type of packets used on the internet to move voice or data from a server to clients.

75
Q

What is SIP/H.323 used for

A

Handle the initiaition, setup, and delivery of VoIP sessions and both run on top of RTP.
SIP = Port 5060 & 5061
H.323 = Port 1720

76
Q

What is RSTP

A

Real Time Streaming Protocol runs on top of RTP and has a numbmer of feature that favor video streaming
Port 554

Network+ Certification (18 decks)

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