Chapter 14: Movement and Skeletal in Human and Animals

Question 1

spinous process

Answer 1

SLSLS

Question 2

transverse formina

Answer 2

only in cervical verterea

Question 3

a special structure in axial vertebra

Answer 3

odontoid process

- articulate with the facet of atlas vertebra

Question 4

centrum

Answer 4

1. small
2. medium
3. large - to bear the weight of lower back of body

Question 5

transverse process

Answer 5

1. short and wide
2. long
3. short

Question 6

function of transverse and spinous process

Answer 6

• for attachment of muscle and ligament

Question 7

function of facet

Answer 7

articulate with the vertebra above it

Question 8

general structure of freely movable joint

Answer 8

1. capsule - enclosed and protect the joint
2. synovial membrane - secret synovial fluid into synovial cavity
3. synovial fluid - act as lubricant to reduce friction
4. cartilage - act as cushion to absorb shock and prevent bone from wearing out

Question 9

tendon

Answer 9

• connect bone to muscle
• ## strong, not elastic but flexible

Question 10

ligament

Answer 10

• connect bone to bone
• strong, tough and elastic
• support and provide strength to the joint
• allow bone to bend at the joint

Question 11

bending and straightening arms

Answer 11

• biceps act as flexor and triceps act as extensor

Bending of arm,

• biceps contract, a pulling force is transmitted to radius though tendon.
• at the same time, triceps relax
• radius is pulled upward, thus bent the arm

Straightening the arm,

• triceps contract, a pulling force is transmitted to ulna through tendon
• at the same time, biceps relax
• ulna is pulled downward, thus straighten the arm

Question 12

leg movement

Answer 12

• biceps femoris act as flexor and quadriceps femoris act as extensor
• right calf muscle contract, bringing up the heel.
• ball of heel is pushed against the ground
• biceps femoris contract while quadriceps femoris relax to bent the leg at knee joint
• right leg is lifted up, thus weight is transfer to the another leg
• quadriceps femoris contract while biceps femoris relax to straighten the leg.
• tibialis contract to bring down the heel toward the ground
• weight is shifted back to right leg

the whole sequence is repeated by left leg

Question 13

locomotion of fish

Answer 13

• flexible vertebra can be move side to side by myotomes
• as the right myotome contract while left ones relax, the tail is whip to the right
• as the left myotome contract while right ones relax, the tail is whip to the left,
• the contraction and relaxation of myotome cause the tail to move side to side
• thus create a alternating waves, pushing water backwards and sideways
• hence, the fish move forward

Question 14

what is function of fins of fish

Answer 14

• to control the direction and movement

Question 15

locomotion of birds

Answer 15

• major pectoralis contract to pull the wings down
• minor pectoralis contract to pull the wings up
• air pressure provide a upthrust force

Question 16

locomotion of grasshopper

Answer 16

• at rest, flexor at the hind leg contract to bring the hind legs towards body
• the hind legs is folded as a Z shape as the grasshopper are ready to jump/leap
• the extensor contract, the hind legs is straighten backward
• a catapult-liked ejection of the hind leg project the grasshopper forward and up to the air

Question 17

locomotion of earthworm

Answer 17

Posterior segment

• longitudinal muscle contract while circular muscle relax
• earthworm become shorter and thicker
• chaetae anchor to the ground

Anterior segment

• chaetae release their hold to the ground
• circular muscle contract and longitudinal muscle relax
• earthworm become longer and thinner
• chaetae anchor to the ground
• chaetae in posterior segment release their hold to the ground and is pulled to the front

Question 18

arthritis

Answer 18

• wear or tear of cartilage
• ligament lose elasticity
• decrease in synovial fluid
• joint will become swollen, pain and less flexible