Chapter 10: Transport in Humans and Animals Flashcards
circulatory system in invertebrae
Open circulatory system
- one or more hearts pump haemolymph through blood vessel into haemocoel
- when heart contract, haemolymph flows out of heart into haemocoel
- substances exchange between heamolymph and body cells occurs via difussion
- when heart relax, heamolymph flows back to heart through ostium (tiny opening)
circulatory system in fish
Closed single circulatory system
- two chambers: atrium and ventricle
- blood flow in one direction only
- gill capillaries and systemic capillaries
- when heart pump, blood flows out form heart ventricle to gill capillaries through artery
- gases exchange occur in gill capillaries
- oxygenated blood is transported to systemic capillaries through blood vessel
- in systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuse from blood into tissues while carbon dioxide diffuse from tissues into blood
- deoxygenated blood is returned to heart atrium through vein
circulatory system of amphibian
Closed double incomplete system
- three chambers : 2 atria and a ventricle
- blood flow in two directions: pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation
- deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood are mixed
- deoxygenated blood from body transported into right atrium
- oxygenated blood from lung and skin transported into left atrium through pulmonary vein
- blood from both atria enter one ventricle
- ventricle pump the blood through pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation
circulatory system of humans
Closed double complete system
- 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricle
- blood flow in two directions: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
- deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood is seperated
- deoxygenated blood is transported through pulmonary artery into lungs for gaseous exchange
- oxygenated blood in transported form lungs to left atrium through pulmonary vein
- then flows into left ventricle
- blood is pumped from heart ventricle to whole body through aorta
- deoxygenated blood returned to right atrium through vena cava
3 plasma protein and their function
- fibrinogen for blood clotting factor
- albumin for blood osmotic pressure
- globulin is type of antibody
composition of human blood
- 55% plasma
- 45% erythrocyte
- > 1% leucocyte and platelets
how platelet formed
fragment or scraps from cell cytoplasm
- live less than 1 weeks
function of platelets
blood clotting factor
5 characteristics of erythrocyte
- elastic plasma membrane
- biconcave shape to increase TSA/V
- no nucleus to contain more haemoglobin
- produced from bone marrow
- live up to 120 days and destroyed in liver or lymph
heme group
- presence in erythrocyte
- consist of iron atom
- act as active site to bind with oxygen
- form oxyhaemoglobin
5 characteristics of leucocyte
- irregular shape
- contain nucleus
- x contain haemoglobin
- produced in bone marrow
- live less than 5 days
classified leucocyte
Granulocyte (BEN)
- basophil
- eosinophil
- neutrophil
Agranulocyte (MOLY)
- monocyte
- lymphocyte
the largest leucocyte
monocyte
leucocyte with least amount
basophil
- contain heparin to prevent blood clotting
leucocyte for phatocytosis
- monocyte
- neutrophil
leucocyte with largest nuclues
- lymphocyte
- produce antibodies and antitoxin
function of eosinophil
release enzyme fight with inflammation and allergy
Pumping of heart
SA - AV - bundle of HIS - branches of bundle of HIS - Purkinje fibres - apex of heart
- sinoatrial node (SA) generate electrical impulse
- impulse spread to both atria and contract simultaneously.
- contraction of atria pump the blood into ventricles
- electrical impulse reach the atrioventricular node (AV) and spread through bundle of HIS, branches of bundle of HIS and Purkinje fibres, up to apex of heart
- electrical impulse spread from apex of heart to the whole wall of ventricles
- ventricles contract and blood is pumped to lungs and body
2 ways to aid the blood flow in vein
- contraction of smooth muscles on the wall of venules and veins
- contraction of skeletal muscle
explain how contraction of skeletal muscle help blood flow in veins
- contraction of skeletal muscle presses and constricts the veins
- causing the valves to open
- blood flows toward heart
- valve is then closed to prevent blood from flowing back to the foot
lub-dub sound
lub: closing of tricuspid and bicuspid valves
dub: closing of semilunar valves
importance of blood clotting
- minimise the blood loss from body
- maintain the blood pressure
- prevent microorganisms from entering the bloodstream through damaged blood vessel
mechanism of blood clotting
prothrombin - thrombokinase - thrombin - fibrinogen - fibrin
- coagulated platelets, damaged cells and clotting factors form thrombokinase
- thrombokinase activate the prothrombin into thrombin by aiding of calcium ions and vitamin K
- thrombin catalyst the conversion of fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble)
- fibrin is a threadlike fibre that form a network on the wound surface to trap erythrocyte and close the wound to prevent blood lost
3 health issues related to blood clotting
Haemophilia
- lack of certain blood clotting factor
Thrombosis
- due to damage blood vessels
- sluggish blood flow causing blood clotting factors to accumulate
Embolism
- embolus, blood clot that is being transported
- blood flow will stop when embolus get stuck in tiny blood vessels