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F4 Biology > Chapter 10: Transport in Humans and Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Transport in Humans and Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

circulatory system in invertebrae

A

Open circulatory system

  • one or more hearts pump haemolymph through blood vessel into haemocoel
  • when heart contract, haemolymph flows out of heart into haemocoel
  • substances exchange between heamolymph and body cells occurs via difussion
  • when heart relax, heamolymph flows back to heart through ostium (tiny opening)
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2
Q

circulatory system in fish

A

Closed single circulatory system

  • two chambers: atrium and ventricle
  • blood flow in one direction only
  • gill capillaries and systemic capillaries
  • when heart pump, blood flows out form heart ventricle to gill capillaries through artery
  • gases exchange occur in gill capillaries
  • oxygenated blood is transported to systemic capillaries through blood vessel
  • in systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuse from blood into tissues while carbon dioxide diffuse from tissues into blood
  • deoxygenated blood is returned to heart atrium through vein
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3
Q

circulatory system of amphibian

A

Closed double incomplete system

  • three chambers : 2 atria and a ventricle
  • blood flow in two directions: pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation
  • deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood are mixed
  • deoxygenated blood from body transported into right atrium
  • oxygenated blood from lung and skin transported into left atrium through pulmonary vein
  • blood from both atria enter one ventricle
  • ventricle pump the blood through pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation
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4
Q

circulatory system of humans

A

Closed double complete system

  • 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricle
  • blood flow in two directions: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
  • deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood is seperated
  • deoxygenated blood is transported through pulmonary artery into lungs for gaseous exchange
  • oxygenated blood in transported form lungs to left atrium through pulmonary vein
  • then flows into left ventricle
  • blood is pumped from heart ventricle to whole body through aorta
  • deoxygenated blood returned to right atrium through vena cava
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5
Q

3 plasma protein and their function

A
  • fibrinogen for blood clotting factor
  • albumin for blood osmotic pressure
  • globulin is type of antibody
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6
Q

composition of human blood

A
  • 55% plasma
  • 45% erythrocyte
  • > 1% leucocyte and platelets
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7
Q

how platelet formed

A

fragment or scraps from cell cytoplasm

- live less than 1 weeks

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8
Q

function of platelets

A

blood clotting factor

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9
Q

5 characteristics of erythrocyte

A
  • elastic plasma membrane
  • biconcave shape to increase TSA/V
  • no nucleus to contain more haemoglobin
  • produced from bone marrow
  • live up to 120 days and destroyed in liver or lymph
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10
Q

heme group

A
  • presence in erythrocyte
  • consist of iron atom
  • act as active site to bind with oxygen
  • form oxyhaemoglobin
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11
Q

5 characteristics of leucocyte

A
  • irregular shape
  • contain nucleus
  • x contain haemoglobin
  • produced in bone marrow
  • live less than 5 days
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12
Q

classified leucocyte

A

Granulocyte (BEN)

  • basophil
  • eosinophil
  • neutrophil

Agranulocyte (MOLY)

  • monocyte
  • lymphocyte
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13
Q

the largest leucocyte

A

monocyte

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14
Q

leucocyte with least amount

A

basophil

- contain heparin to prevent blood clotting

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15
Q

leucocyte for phatocytosis

A
  • monocyte

- neutrophil

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16
Q

leucocyte with largest nuclues

A
  • lymphocyte

- produce antibodies and antitoxin

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17
Q

function of eosinophil

A

release enzyme fight with inflammation and allergy

18
Q

Pumping of heart

A

SA - AV - bundle of HIS - branches of bundle of HIS - Purkinje fibres - apex of heart

  1. sinoatrial node (SA) generate electrical impulse
  2. impulse spread to both atria and contract simultaneously.
  3. contraction of atria pump the blood into ventricles
  4. electrical impulse reach the atrioventricular node (AV) and spread through bundle of HIS, branches of bundle of HIS and Purkinje fibres, up to apex of heart
  5. electrical impulse spread from apex of heart to the whole wall of ventricles
  6. ventricles contract and blood is pumped to lungs and body
19
Q

2 ways to aid the blood flow in vein

A
  • contraction of smooth muscles on the wall of venules and veins
  • contraction of skeletal muscle
20
Q

explain how contraction of skeletal muscle help blood flow in veins

A
  • contraction of skeletal muscle presses and constricts the veins
  • causing the valves to open
  • blood flows toward heart
  • valve is then closed to prevent blood from flowing back to the foot
21
Q

lub-dub sound

A

lub: closing of tricuspid and bicuspid valves
dub: closing of semilunar valves

22
Q

importance of blood clotting

A
  • minimise the blood loss from body
  • maintain the blood pressure
  • prevent microorganisms from entering the bloodstream through damaged blood vessel
23
Q

mechanism of blood clotting

A

prothrombin - thrombokinase - thrombin - fibrinogen - fibrin

  1. coagulated platelets, damaged cells and clotting factors form thrombokinase
  2. thrombokinase activate the prothrombin into thrombin by aiding of calcium ions and vitamin K
  3. thrombin catalyst the conversion of fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble)
  4. fibrin is a threadlike fibre that form a network on the wound surface to trap erythrocyte and close the wound to prevent blood lost
24
Q

3 health issues related to blood clotting

A

Haemophilia
- lack of certain blood clotting factor

Thrombosis

  • due to damage blood vessels
  • sluggish blood flow causing blood clotting factors to accumulate

Embolism

  • embolus, blood clot that is being transported
  • blood flow will stop when embolus get stuck in tiny blood vessels
25
Q

pregnancy with rhesus factor

A
  • Rh-negative mother married with Rh-positive father
  • conceive a Rh-positive child
  1. fragment of foetal blood cells with antigen D enter mother’s blood circulation through placenta
  2. white blood cell of mother react and produce anti-D antibodies
  3. anti-D antibodies enter foetus’s blood circulation through placenta
  4. concentration of anti-D antibodies in mother’s blood are not enough to affect the first child
  5. when the second child is also Rh-positive, erythroblastosis fetalis occur
  6. anti-D antibodies in mother’s blood will cross the placenta and destroy red blood cell of foetus
  7. feotus will dies if the blood is not replaced by Rh-negative blood via blood transfusion
  8. (if not serious) anemia, mental retarded
26
Q

how to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis in second child

A

mother treat with anti-Rhesus globulin

- to stop the formation of anti-D antibodies

27
Q

5 cardiovascular diseases

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • arteriosclerosis
  • hypertension
  • stroke
  • angina
  • myocardial infarction (heart attack)
28
Q

atheroslerosis

A
  • early stage of arteriosclerosis
  • plague formed on artery walls
  • plague will clot and narrowed the lumen of blood vessel
29
Q

arteriosclerosis

A
  • calcium is deposited on plague

- artery become hard and lose its elasticity

30
Q

hypertension

A
  • restricted blood flow

- cause fine arteries to break

31
Q

stroke

A
  • fine arteries in brain break

- thrombus clog the blood flow in brain

32
Q

angina

A
  • severe chest pain
  • lumen of coronary artery narrowed
  • insufficient oxygen supply to heart muscle
33
Q

myocardial infarction

A

coronary artery is completely block

- cardiac muscle tissue dead

34
Q

formation of tissue fluid

A
  • blood flow from end of arterioles to blood capillaries
  • change in diameter and pumping of heart cause blood pressure to increase
  • blood plasma is diffuse out of blood capillaries into intercellular space continuously and become tissue fluid
  • erythrocyte, platelets and plasma protein due to large molecular sizes
  • tissue fluid enable the exchange of substance between cells and blood capillaries
35
Q

how tissue fluid flows back to blood vessel

A

85% of tissue fluid return into the venule end

  • at the venule end of blood capillaries, blood plasma is hypertonic to tissue fluid surrounding it
  • blood pressure is also lower
  • thus, reabsorption of water, mineral salts and waste take place in the venule capillaries

15% of tissue fluid return into blood circulatory system via lymphatic system
- tissue fluid drain into lymphatic capillaries to form lymph
( lymphatic capillary - lymphatic vessel - thoracic duct / right lymphatic duct - left / right subclavian vein - blood circulatory system )

36
Q

6 organs involved in lymphatic system

A
  • lymph node
  • tonsil
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
  • appendix
37
Q

what cause lymph to flow (4 factors)

A
  • contraction of skeletal muscle
  • pressure changes when inhalation and exhalation
  • peristalsis of digestive tracts
  • heartbeat pulse
38
Q

3 characteristics of lymph

A
  • high content of fat and fat-soluble substances
  • high content of lymphocytes
  • x contain plasma protein, erythrocyte and platelets
39
Q

3 necessity of lymphatic system

A
  1. Complement of blood circulatory system
    - return excess tissue fluid in intercellular space into the blood flow
    - composition, pressure and volume of blood are maintained in a normal range
  2. Transportation of fat and fat-soluble substances
    - lacteal is lymphatic capillaries
    - fat and fat-soluble substances dissolve into lacteal in villus of small intestine
    - these is transported back to blood circulatory system through lymphatic system
  3. Body defence
    - lymph node produce and store lymphocyte
    - lymphocyte produce antibodies
40
Q

4 causes of oedema

A
  • more body fluid is produced for foetus growth during pregnancy
  • person with limited mobility and movement
  • lack of albumin in blood
  • parasite worm brugia sp. infect the lymphatic vessels cause lymph unable to flow ( disease: lymphatic filariasis )

F4 Biology (13 decks)

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