Chapter 10: Transport in Humans and Animals Flashcards
circulatory system in invertebrae
Open circulatory system
- one or more hearts pump haemolymph through blood vessel into haemocoel
- when heart contract, haemolymph flows out of heart into haemocoel
- substances exchange between heamolymph and body cells occurs via difussion
- when heart relax, heamolymph flows back to heart through ostium (tiny opening)
circulatory system in fish
Closed single circulatory system
- two chambers: atrium and ventricle
- blood flow in one direction only
- gill capillaries and systemic capillaries
- when heart pump, blood flows out form heart ventricle to gill capillaries through artery
- gases exchange occur in gill capillaries
- oxygenated blood is transported to systemic capillaries through blood vessel
- in systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuse from blood into tissues while carbon dioxide diffuse from tissues into blood
- deoxygenated blood is returned to heart atrium through vein
circulatory system of amphibian
Closed double incomplete system
- three chambers : 2 atria and a ventricle
- blood flow in two directions: pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation
- deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood are mixed
- deoxygenated blood from body transported into right atrium
- oxygenated blood from lung and skin transported into left atrium through pulmonary vein
- blood from both atria enter one ventricle
- ventricle pump the blood through pulmocutaneous circulation and systemic circulation
circulatory system of humans
Closed double complete system
- 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricle
- blood flow in two directions: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
- deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood is seperated
- deoxygenated blood is transported through pulmonary artery into lungs for gaseous exchange
- oxygenated blood in transported form lungs to left atrium through pulmonary vein
- then flows into left ventricle
- blood is pumped from heart ventricle to whole body through aorta
- deoxygenated blood returned to right atrium through vena cava
3 plasma protein and their function
- fibrinogen for blood clotting factor
- albumin for blood osmotic pressure
- globulin is type of antibody
composition of human blood
- 55% plasma
- 45% erythrocyte
- > 1% leucocyte and platelets
how platelet formed
fragment or scraps from cell cytoplasm
- live less than 1 weeks
function of platelets
blood clotting factor
5 characteristics of erythrocyte
- elastic plasma membrane
- biconcave shape to increase TSA/V
- no nucleus to contain more haemoglobin
- produced from bone marrow
- live up to 120 days and destroyed in liver or lymph
heme group
- presence in erythrocyte
- consist of iron atom
- act as active site to bind with oxygen
- form oxyhaemoglobin
5 characteristics of leucocyte
- irregular shape
- contain nucleus
- x contain haemoglobin
- produced in bone marrow
- live less than 5 days
classified leucocyte
Granulocyte (BEN)
- basophil
- eosinophil
- neutrophil
Agranulocyte (MOLY)
- monocyte
- lymphocyte
the largest leucocyte
monocyte
leucocyte with least amount
basophil
- contain heparin to prevent blood clotting
leucocyte for phatocytosis
- monocyte
- neutrophil
leucocyte with largest nuclues
- lymphocyte
- produce antibodies and antitoxin
function of eosinophil
release enzyme fight with inflammation and allergy
Pumping of heart
SA - AV - bundle of HIS - branches of bundle of HIS - Purkinje fibres - apex of heart
- sinoatrial node (SA) generate electrical impulse
- impulse spread to both atria and contract simultaneously.
- contraction of atria pump the blood into ventricles
- electrical impulse reach the atrioventricular node (AV) and spread through bundle of HIS, branches of bundle of HIS and Purkinje fibres, up to apex of heart
- electrical impulse spread from apex of heart to the whole wall of ventricles
- ventricles contract and blood is pumped to lungs and body
2 ways to aid the blood flow in vein
- contraction of smooth muscles on the wall of venules and veins
- contraction of skeletal muscle
explain how contraction of skeletal muscle help blood flow in veins
- contraction of skeletal muscle presses and constricts the veins
- causing the valves to open
- blood flows toward heart
- valve is then closed to prevent blood from flowing back to the foot
lub-dub sound
lub: closing of tricuspid and bicuspid valves
dub: closing of semilunar valves
importance of blood clotting
- minimise the blood loss from body
- maintain the blood pressure
- prevent microorganisms from entering the bloodstream through damaged blood vessel
mechanism of blood clotting
prothrombin - thrombokinase - thrombin - fibrinogen - fibrin
- coagulated platelets, damaged cells and clotting factors form thrombokinase
- thrombokinase activate the prothrombin into thrombin by aiding of calcium ions and vitamin K
- thrombin catalyst the conversion of fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble)
- fibrin is a threadlike fibre that form a network on the wound surface to trap erythrocyte and close the wound to prevent blood lost
3 health issues related to blood clotting
Haemophilia
- lack of certain blood clotting factor
Thrombosis
- due to damage blood vessels
- sluggish blood flow causing blood clotting factors to accumulate
Embolism
- embolus, blood clot that is being transported
- blood flow will stop when embolus get stuck in tiny blood vessels
pregnancy with rhesus factor
- Rh-negative mother married with Rh-positive father
- conceive a Rh-positive child
- fragment of foetal blood cells with antigen D enter mother’s blood circulation through placenta
- white blood cell of mother react and produce anti-D antibodies
- anti-D antibodies enter foetus’s blood circulation through placenta
- concentration of anti-D antibodies in mother’s blood are not enough to affect the first child
- when the second child is also Rh-positive, erythroblastosis fetalis occur
- anti-D antibodies in mother’s blood will cross the placenta and destroy red blood cell of foetus
- feotus will dies if the blood is not replaced by Rh-negative blood via blood transfusion
- (if not serious) anemia, mental retarded
how to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis in second child
mother treat with anti-Rhesus globulin
- to stop the formation of anti-D antibodies
5 cardiovascular diseases
- atherosclerosis
- arteriosclerosis
- hypertension
- stroke
- angina
- myocardial infarction (heart attack)
atheroslerosis
- early stage of arteriosclerosis
- plague formed on artery walls
- plague will clot and narrowed the lumen of blood vessel
arteriosclerosis
- calcium is deposited on plague
- artery become hard and lose its elasticity
hypertension
- restricted blood flow
- cause fine arteries to break
stroke
- fine arteries in brain break
- thrombus clog the blood flow in brain
angina
- severe chest pain
- lumen of coronary artery narrowed
- insufficient oxygen supply to heart muscle
myocardial infarction
coronary artery is completely block
- cardiac muscle tissue dead
formation of tissue fluid
- blood flow from end of arterioles to blood capillaries
- change in diameter and pumping of heart cause blood pressure to increase
- blood plasma is diffuse out of blood capillaries into intercellular space continuously and become tissue fluid
- erythrocyte, platelets and plasma protein due to large molecular sizes
- tissue fluid enable the exchange of substance between cells and blood capillaries
how tissue fluid flows back to blood vessel
85% of tissue fluid return into the venule end
- at the venule end of blood capillaries, blood plasma is hypertonic to tissue fluid surrounding it
- blood pressure is also lower
- thus, reabsorption of water, mineral salts and waste take place in the venule capillaries
15% of tissue fluid return into blood circulatory system via lymphatic system
- tissue fluid drain into lymphatic capillaries to form lymph
( lymphatic capillary - lymphatic vessel - thoracic duct / right lymphatic duct - left / right subclavian vein - blood circulatory system )
6 organs involved in lymphatic system
- lymph node
- tonsil
- thymus
- spleen
- bone marrow
- appendix
what cause lymph to flow (4 factors)
- contraction of skeletal muscle
- pressure changes when inhalation and exhalation
- peristalsis of digestive tracts
- heartbeat pulse
3 characteristics of lymph
- high content of fat and fat-soluble substances
- high content of lymphocytes
- x contain plasma protein, erythrocyte and platelets
3 necessity of lymphatic system
- Complement of blood circulatory system
- return excess tissue fluid in intercellular space into the blood flow
- composition, pressure and volume of blood are maintained in a normal range - Transportation of fat and fat-soluble substances
- lacteal is lymphatic capillaries
- fat and fat-soluble substances dissolve into lacteal in villus of small intestine
- these is transported back to blood circulatory system through lymphatic system - Body defence
- lymph node produce and store lymphocyte
- lymphocyte produce antibodies
4 causes of oedema
- more body fluid is produced for foetus growth during pregnancy
- person with limited mobility and movement
- lack of albumin in blood
- parasite worm brugia sp. infect the lymphatic vessels cause lymph unable to flow ( disease: lymphatic filariasis )
