C11: immunity in Humans

Question 1

5 action of antibodies

Answer 1

• neutralisation
• agglutination
• precipitation
• opsonisation
• lysis

Question 2

inflammation

Answer 2

• histamine is secreted in the infected area
• stimulate the immediate inflammatory response
• blood capillary expand to allow more blood to flow to the infected area
• increase the permeability of blood capillaries to phagocytes
• cause accumulation of clotting factor and phagocytes in the infected area
• blood clotting mechanism is triggered
• phagocyte carry out phagocytosis

Question 3

function of skin

Answer 3

• tough and difficult to penetrate
• continuous shedding of dead tissue prevent growth of bacteria
• secrete sebum that contain oil and acid
• secrete sweat the contain lysozyme to break down cell wall of bacteria

Question 4

explain third line immunity

Answer 4

• immune response of lymphocyte
• large amount of lymphocyte accumulate in lymph node
• to produce specific antibodies to destroy specific antigen and foreign particles
• cause lymph node to swell
• T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte
• T lymphocyte attack cells infected by pathogen
• and stimulate B lymphocyte to produce memory cell
• if the same pathogen attacks, the memory cells will stimulate production of antibodies immediately
• lymph node also contain macrophage that destroy pathogen, dead tissue and foreign particles through phagocytosis

Question 5

content of pus

Answer 5

• fragments of dead tissue
• microorganisms
• red blood cells