Chapter 14-Blood Flashcards
Your blood regulates three aspects of homeostasis. List those three.
Body temp
pH
Water content of cells
Blood transports many substances. List six.
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Heat Hormones
Explain two ways in which your blood protects you.
- Prevents blood loss through clotting response to injury
2. Combats microbes and toxins through the action of white blood cells or specialized plasma proteins
Average temperature of blood:
38°C (98.6°F)
pH of blood:
7.35-7.45
Volume of blood in the average adult:
4-6 liters
Blood consists of about ____ percent plasma and ____ percent formed elements, which include ______ and _________
55%
45%
Cells
Cellfragments
The three types of formed elements (or cells) are:
RBC’s
WBC’s
Platelets
The top layer of configured blood.
Plasma
The layer of centrifuges blood with the greatest volume.
Plasma
The layer of centrifuges blood with the least volume
White blood cells and platelets
The layer forming the buffy coat
White blood cells and platelets
The bottom layer of centrifuged blood
Red blood cells
Makes up 92% of plasma
Water
A protein made by the liver for blood clotting
Fibrinogen
Protein needs to maintain blood viscosity and pressure
Albumins
Protein needed to produce antibodies
Globulins
Blood formation is a process known as ______. All blood cell arise from hemopoietic _______ cells.
Pluripotent stem
After birth, most blood cell formation takes place in the red bone marrow. List three bones where this process takes place after birth.
Femur stern pelvis
A mature erythrocyte (does, does not) captain a nucleus.
Does not
The pigment named _____ accounts for the colors of RBC’s. It also is responsible for transporting almost all _____ in the blood.
Hemoglobin
Oxygen
RBC’s are normally shaped like ______ discs which gives them more flexibility and ______ area.
Biconcave
Surface
The average life of red blood cell is about 4 (hours, days, months, years)
Months
In adults, the RBC’s count per UL is (500, 5,000, 250,000, 5 million, 250 million)
5 million
Not truly cells, but fragments of cells
Platelets
Also known as thrombocytes
Platelets
Include two subcategories: granular and agranular
Leukocytes
Also kown as white blood cells
Leukocytes
Also known as red blood cells
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes (have, lack) hemoglobin, so these cells are known as (RBC’s, WBC’s).
Lack, WBC’s
Each WBC (has, lacks) a nucleus.
Has
The process that occurs when WBC’s engulf bacteria and destroy them is known as _________.
Phagocytosis
Constitute the larger percentage of WBC’s
Neutrophils
Important in phagocytosis (2)
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Involved in immunity; some types produce antibodies
Lymphocytes
Involved in allergic reactions; release histamine and herparin
Basophils
Form wandering macrophages that clean up infection sites
Monocytes
Classifieds agranular Leukocytes (2)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
A normal RBC count is about (700, 5,000-10,000, 250,000, 5million) cells/uL, but a normal WBC count is about (700, 5,000-10,000, 250,000, 5 million) cells/ uL
5 million
5,000-10,000
Which cells typically live longer? (RBCS’s, WBC’s). The typical lifespan of a WBC is a few (days, months, years)
RBC’s
Days
Homeostasis literally means _____ (hemo) _______ (stasis).
Blood
Stoppage
Vascular ______- blood vessels wall contracts
Spasm
_______ plug formation- platelets clump together
Platelet
___________ (clotting)
Coagulation
Formation of _________ - enzyme produced when vessel calls are damaged
Prothrombinase
Conversion of prothrombin to _______- and enzyme
Thrombin
Conversion of fibrinogen to _____ (which forms the threads of the clot)
Fibrin
The liver needs vitamin ____ to make pus bloods clotting factors
K
The clot inside the vessel is called the _______
Thrombus
A “clot-on-the-run” dislodged from the side where it is formed is called an _______
Embolus
Proteins located on the surface of RBC’s determine blood type. They are known as _______ (aggulations)
Antibodies
They are two kinds of antigens: ______ and _______
A
B
Type A blood has (A, B) antigens on the RBC’s
A
They are also proteins in the _______ of the blood known as antibodies (agglutinins). They can cause ________ (clumping) of blood cells is mixed with blood types having _______ that are foreign to the individual
Plasma
Hemolysis (aggulation)
Antigens
Aggulation (or “clumping”) of RBC’s is an antigen - _______ process that (does, does not) require red blood cells because they are the sites of antigens used in the process
Antibody
Does
Shortly after birth, infants with type A blood normally begun producing (anti-A, anti-B, both anti-A and anti-B) antibodies in response to exposures to even minute amounts of type B blood. In other words, people with type A blood produce antibodies that attack type (A, B, A and B, O) blood because this it “foreign” to them.
anti-B
B
Type O is known as the universal (donor, recipient) with regard to the ABO blood group because typos O blood lacks _______
Both antigen A and B
Type AB is known as the universal (donor, recipient). Explain why.
Recipient
Type AB has no antibodies to react with antigens.
The Rh (+, -) group is more common. Rh (+, -) blood has Rh antigens on the surfaces of RBC’s
+
+
Under normal circumstances. Plasma of (Rh + blood, Rh- blood, both Rh group, neither Rh group) contains anti-Rh Antibodies
Neither Rh groups
Rh (+, -) persons can develop these antibodies when they are exposed to Rh (+, -) blood.
-
+
An example of this occurs in fetal maternal incompatibility when a mother who us Rh (+,-) and some of the baby’s blood enters the mother’s bloodstream. The mother develops anti-Rh antibodies that may cross the placenta in future pregnancies and hemolyze the RBC’s of Rh (+,-) babies. Such a condition is known as _______
-
+
+
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
An inherited clotting deficiency in which bleeding occurs easily
Hemophilia
A normal increase in the number of WBC’s
Leukocytes
A reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
Anemia
A blood chomp ability problem between a Rh- mother and her Rh+ fetus
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
“Blood doping”
Induced polycythemia
A form of cancer involving abnormally high production of WBC’s
Leukemia
Sickle-shaped RBC’s that rapture easily
Sickle cell anemia
A decrease in the number of WBC’s
Leukopenia
The anti-B antibody would cause clumping when added to either of two types of blood. What are they?
B and AB
The anti-A antibody would cause clumping when added to either of two types of blood. What are they?
A and AB
Type AB blood has neither antibody present. What would happen if either anti- A or anti-B antibody were present in types AB blood?
It would clump (agglutinate)
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies present
O
“A” antigen in red blood cells
A
AB
No antigen in red blood cells
O
Cells agglutinate in anti-A typing serum
A
AB
Cells agglutinate in anti-B and anti-A typing serum
AB
No agglutination of cells in either anti-A or anti-B typing sera
O
Cells agglutinate in anti-B typing serum
B
AB
“A” and “B” antigen in red blood cells
AB
Anti-B antibody present
A
O
“B” antigen in red blood cells
B
AB
A hematocrit is
The percentage of red blood cells in whole blood
Involved in certain immune responses
Immunoglobulins
Develop into mature red blood cells
Reticulocytes
Required for vitamin B12 absorption
Intrinsic factor
Most abundant plasma protein
Albumin
Blood after formed elements are removed
Plasma
Plasma without clotting proteins
Serum
Needed for blood clotting
Fibrinogen
In adults, erythropoieses takes place in
Red none marrow
Which of the following pigments contributed to the yellow’ color in urine?
Urobilin
Which of the following statements is NOT true about red blood cells?
Red blood cells have a lobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm
A primary function of red blood cells to maintain blood volume
Deliver oxygen to the cells of the body
If a differential white blood cell count indicated high than normal numbers of basophils, what may be occurring in the body?
Allergic reaction
In a person with blood type A, the antibodies that would normally be present in the plasma is (are)
Anti-B antibody
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) May occur in the fetus of a second pregnancy if
The mother is Rh- and the bandy is Rh+
Place the following steps of homeostasis in the correct order.
- Clot retraction
- Prothrombinase
- Fibrinolysis by plasmin
- Vascular spasm
- Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
- Platelet plug formation
- Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
4, 6, 2, 5, 7, 1, 3
Which of the following is NOT a normal component of blood plasma?
Albumins, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, immunoglobulins, water
Hemoglobin
How does aspirin prevent thrombosis
It inhibits platelet aggregation
Become wandering macrophages
Monocytes
Produce antibodies
Lymphocytes
Are involved in Algeria reactions
Basophils
First to respond to bacterial invasion
Neutrophils
Destroy antigen-antibody complexes; combat inflammation
Eosinophils
Hemostasis is
A series of events that stop bleeding
An individual with type A blood has _____ in the plasma membranes of red blood cells
Antigen A
Clot reaction
Draws torn edges of the damaged vessel closer together
A thrombus that is being transported by the bloodstream is called
A Reticulocyte
What is the straw-colored liquid that remains when formed elements are removed from blood?
Plasma
Name two types of cells whose main function is phagocytic activity
Neutrophils, monocytes
Name some materials that blood carries
Oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, heat, hormones
List 3 functions of the blood
Transport, regulate, protect
Blood proteins account for what percent of the plasma
7%
The most common blood protein
Albumia
Blood is approximately what % plasma?
55%
Plasma is composed of about what % water?
91.5%
The process of ingesting and destroying bacterial cells
Phagocytosis
An immature red blood cell
Reticulocyte
About how many RBC’s doesn’t the average person have per uLof blood?
5 million
An inherited defect most common in African Americans that results in red blood cells that are distorted
Sickle cell disease
Appendicitis or an acute infection will cause a rapid increase in which types of WBC
Neutrophils
Which Leukocytes are agranulocytes
Lymphocytes, monocytes
Which Leukocytes are granular Leukocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Which Leukocytes develop into cells in which produce antibodies
Lymphocytes
What is the average leukocyte count per uL of blood
(5,000-10,000) 7,500
What is the average number of platelets circulating per uL of blood
250,000-400,000
Fibrinogen and prothrombin are blood proteins necessary for this purpose
Blood clotting
In blood clotting, thrombin converts fibrinogen to this substance
Fibrin
If blood vessel cells are damage they trigger formation of this enzyme in clotting’a 1st stage
Prothrombinase
What is the process of dissolving small inappropriate clots called
Fibrinolysis
What is the effect of heparin and Coumadin on blood clotting
Inhibit (slow)
What is the condition that cause the accumulation of fatty substances which cause rough spots on vessel walls
Atherosclerosis
The blood type gene that is inherited as recessive
O
If you blood agglutinates in the anti-A typing serum but not in the anti-B typing serum, then you have this blood type
A
If your blood agglutinates in the anti-B typing serum but not in the anti-A typing serum, then you have this blood type
B
If your blood agglutinates in both the anti-A typing serum and the anti-B typing serum, then you have this blood type
AB
If your blood does not agglutinate in either of the typing seems p, you have this blood type
O
Universal donors have blood that is this type
O
A universal recipient is this blood type
AB
The antigen proteins present of the red blood cell membrane determines this
Blood type
The test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a sample of blood
Hematocrit
No one with type B blood can also have theses antibodies
Anti-B
Where does the formation of most blood cells occur
Red bone marrow
Largest cell
WBC’s
Smallest formed element
Platelets
Carry oxygen
RBC’s
Have nuclei
WBC’s
Fight infection
WBC’s
Contain hemoglobin
RBC’s
Live about 10 days
Platelets
Most live a few days
WBC’s
Live about 4 months
RBC’s
Biconcave disk shaped
RBC’s
Make up the greatest blood volume
RBC’s
Important in blood clotting
Platelets
May have independent movement
WBC’s
White blood cell types that increase in number to combat inflammation during allergic reactions
Eosinophils
The second most numerous kind of white blood cells; comes and goes from the blood stream
Lymphocyte
The largest type of white blood cell
Monocyte
WBC that cleans up debris after infections
Monocyte
A plasma protein necessary for antibodies
Globulin
A plasma protein important in maintaining the blood’s viscosity
Albumin
Pigment of RBC’s which carries oxygen
Hemoglobin
Protein on the surface of a RBC which can stimulate the formation of antibodies against it
Antigen
Another name for a red blood cell
Erythrocyte
Another name for a white blood cell
Leukocyte
The clumping together of red blood cells in an incomplete tranfusion
Hemolysis
Another name for the clotting of the blood
Coagulation
An increase in the number of Leukocytes
Leukocytes
A decrease in the number of Leukocytes
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of erythrocytes
Anemia
“Blood doping” causing an overproduction of red blood cells
Induced polycythemia
A pale yellow fluid similar to plasma but lacks clotting ability
Serum
Movement of white cell through the capillary wall
Diapedesis
Clotting inside an unbroken vessel
Thrombosis
A blood clot inside a vessel
Thrombus
A moving lot or obstruction in a vessel
Embolus
Cancer of the red bone marrow causing uncontrolled production of white blood cells
Leukemia
Typified by abnormal sickle-shaped RBC’s
Sickle cell anemia
Nutrients, hormones, and gases are carried by this part of the blood
Plasma
The liquid part of the blood
Plasma
Proteins that are located on the blood cells
Antigens
Cells in the red bone marrow that have the ability to develop into many different cells
Pluripotent stem cells
These blood cells may be found out of the blood vessels in the spaces between cells
WBC’s
Amount of blood in the average healthy male
5-6L
The term for stoppage of bleeding
Hemostasis
Immature RBC’s which contain nucleus
Reticulocytes
Blood type A: Antigens present:\_\_\_\_\_ Antibody present:\_\_\_\_\_ Can donate blood to:\_\_\_\_ Can receive blood form:\_\_\_\_\_
A
anti-B
A, AB
A, O
Type O Antigens:\_\_\_\_ Antibodies:\_\_\_\_\_ Donate to:\_\_\_\_ Receive:\_\_\_\_\_\_
None
Anti-a and b
O, A, B, AB
O
Type AB Antigens:\_\_\_\_\_ Antibody:\_\_\_\_\_ Donate:\_\_\_\_\_ Receive:\_\_\_\_\_
A, B
None
AB
O, A, B, AB
Type Rh+ Antigens:\_\_\_\_ Antibody:\_\_\_\_ Donate:\_\_\_\_ Receive:\_\_\_\_
Rh+ None Rh+ Rh+ Rh-
