Chapter 14

Question 1

Describe what development

Answer 1

the physiological, behavioural, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and by environmental influences (nurture)

Question 2

What are the three stages of prenatal development

Answer 2

Germinal stage (0-2 weeks), Embryonic stage (2-8 weeks), and Fetal Stage (after 8 weeks)

Question 3

What is a teratogen?

Answer 3

Harmful substances that may cross the placental barrier and harm development

Question 4

Describe survival reflexes

Answer 4

automatic behaviours that facilitate survival and development

Question 5

Describe perceptual abilities

Answer 5

taste, smell, hearing, touch, sight

Question 6

What are three processes of development in the social animal?

Answer 6

attachment, cognitive development, and gender development

Question 7

Describe contact comfort in attachment theory

Answer 7

in primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; the basis for infant’s first attachment

Question 8

Describe the first stage in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Stage

Answer 8

Sensorimotor (birth-2)

object permanence

Question 9

Describe the second stage in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Stage

Answer 9

Pre-operational stage (2-7)

symbolic play, egocentrism, centration (focus on one salient aspect of the situation)

Question 10

Describe the third stage in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Stage

Answer 10

Concrete operations stage (7-12)
Conservation develops (child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, volume or mass) and egocentrism fades

Question 11

Describe the fourth stage in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Stage

Answer 11

Formal operations (12+)
Abstract thinking and logical thought
hypothesis-testing

Question 12

What is a schema?

Answer 12

Cognitive structures that serves as a framework for one’s knowledge about people, objects, and events; help people organize their knowledge of the world and understand new information

Question 13

True or false? Children learn from two basic processes.

Answer 13

True. Assimilation and accommodation help learn from the existing schema

Question 14

At what age can a child distinguish faces by gender?

Answer 14

One year old

Question 15

At what age do children usually adopt rigid gender stereotypes?

Answer 15

3-6 years old

Question 16

What are three techniques of gender socialization?

Answer 16

rewards, punishments, and imitative/observational learning (media)

Question 17

What are three kinds of problems that are more common in adolescence than in adulthood?

Answer 17

Conflict with parents, mood swings and depression, and higher rates of reckless, rulebreaking and risky behaviour

Question 18

Describe emerging adulthood.

Answer 18

a relatively new developmental phase between adolescence and adulthood; characterized by the highest risky behaviour rates

Question 19

What does the term invisible death mean?

Answer 19

Increasing privatization/institutionalization of death