Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards
What is psychology?
The discipline concerned with human behaviour and mental processes and how they are affected by organisms physical state, mental state, and external environment
What is pseudoscience?
Popular opinion, intuition, common sense and conventional wisdom. Commonly held ideas about human thought, behavior, and emotions that are not supported by scientific evidence
What are the eight guidelines to critical and creative thinking?
Ask questions and be willing to wonder Clarify and define terms Examine the evidence Analyze assumptions and biases Avoid emotional reasoning Don’t over simplify the issue Consider other interpretations or explanations And tolerate uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity
What are facts compared to personal values, opinions, or beliefs?
Facts are objective statements determined to be accurate through empirical study. Values and beliefs are personal statements that have not been, or cannot be, evaluated by using the scientific method of science
What are two categories of practising psychologists?
Research psychologists use scientific methods to create knowledge about the causes of behaviour
Psychologist practitioners or clinicians use existing research to enhance the every day life of others
What are the six psychologist stereotypes we see in media today?
Dr. dippy who is crazy.
Dr. evil who is corrupt and mind control or or homicidal maniac.
Dr. wonderful who has endless time to devote to their patients and a lack of boundaries. Often cares them instantaneously.
Dr. rigid who stifles joy, fun and creativity
Dr. line Crosser who becomes inappropriately involved with patients and violates ethical boundaries
Lastly Dr. slacker who does not attend to a client and lacks competence
What are the three things that psychologist to do?
Psychologist practice therapeutic psychology, psychological research,And use their knowledge a human thought emotion and behaviour to contribute to society
What are the three main challenges of studying psychology?
People vary and respond differently in different situations due to individual differences
Almost all behaviour is multiply determined
Human behaviour is often caused by factors outside of conscious awareness
What are the three levels of explanation in psychology
Lower biological, middle interpersonal, and higher cultural and social
What are the three layers of influence on our individual behaves?
Hint: Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory
1 microsystems and Mesosystems, Which are the individual and they’re close relationships
2 exosystem, which is extended relationships
3 Macrosystem, this is the social impact
Greek philosophers had a large impact on psychology in the past. What was Hippocrates contribution?
Hippocrates observed head injury survivors incorrectly concluded that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa
What is phrenology and who discovered it?
Franz Joseph Gall
Argued that particular brain areas corresponded to particular personality traits, psychological tendencies, or abilities I could be read from the shape of the skull
Classic pseudoscience
What is modern psychology?
The study of psychological issues using scientific method that allows researchers to evaluate claims based on empirical evidence
Who was Willhem Wundt?
First psychological laboratory in the world in Leipzig Germany 1879.Did research on perception, sensation, imagery, and attention. This influence the development of structuralism
What is structuralism?
Hint Willhelm Weldt and Edward B Tichener
A school of psychology whose goal was to identify the basic elements or structures of psychological experience; understand the nature of consciousness
What is introspection?
Hint Wundt
A methodology That uses the systematic self Examination of one’s conscious thoughts, feelings, and sensations. Volunteers were trying to observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations, mental images, emotional reactions, and mental tasks.
What is functionalism and who founded it?
William James
Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed a particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
What is psycho dynamics and who contributed to this principle?
Sigmund Freud,Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Eric Erickson
Focusses on the role of our unconscious thoughts,Feelings, and memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behaviour
What categories fall under the psychological perspectives for examining human existence known as why how and what?
Why: evolution, environment, and culture
How: cognition, behavior, and subconscious
What : sensations, emotions, thoughts, perceptions, and actions
What are the seven contemporary perspectives in psychology
Biological, psychodynamic, learning, humanistic, cognitive, social cultural, and evolutionary
What is the biological perspective?
Focusses on how badly events and changes are associated with behavior, feelings, and thoughts. Role of nervous system/brain activity/hormone/genetics in human thought, behavior, and emotion emotion.Measure biological, physiological, or genetic variability in an attempt to relate them to psychological or behavioural variables.
What is the psychodynamic perspective?
Focusses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories in our daily lives.
Proposed by Sigmund Freud: believed psychological processes or flows of psychological energy or libido in the brain. Argue childhood experiences shape our person feels and behaves throughout their life. And proposed multiple levels of consciousness
What are Freud’s multiple levels ofConsciousness?
Hint iceberg
Conscious: all those things we are aware of, including things that we know about ourselves and our surroundings
Preconscious: thoughts that are unconscious at the particular moment in question, but that are not repressed and therefore available for recall
Unconscious: those things that are outside of conscious awareness, including many memories, thoughts, and urges of which we are not aware
What is Freud’s levels of consciousness theories relevant today?
No longer influential in research practice but continues to influence clinical practice
What is the learning perspective?
Emphasizes the role of the environment and experience in shaping human behavior, feelings, and thoughts through patterns of reward and punishment
What are the three major types of behavioural learning?
Classical conditioning: A neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response
operant conditioning: A response is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment
observational learning: Learning occurs through observation and imitation of others
What are three main Points about social learning theory?
People can learn through observation. Mental states are important to learning. And learning does not necessarily lead to behavioural change
What is the humanistic perspective?
Humanistic psychology
Sought to restore the importance of consciousness and offer a more holistic view of human life.
Strive to enhance the human qualities of choice, creativity, the interaction of the body, mind, and spirit, and the capacity to become more aware, free, responsible, life affirming, and trustworthy
What is humanistic psychology?
Holds a hopeful, constructive view of human beings and a substantial capacity to be self determining
What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs starting at the bottom working up and what are growth needs or deficiency needs?
Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and at the top self actualization
Growth needs enables a person to self actualize or reach his or her fullest potential as a human being.
Deficiency needs are a person does not feel anything if they are met but becomes anxious if they are not
What are positive psychology and intrinsic motivation?
Positive psychology is the scientific study of the good life, or the positive aspects of the human experience that make life worth living.
Intrinsic motivation is the act of doing something without any obvious external rewards
What is the cognitive perspective?
Emphasizes the role of internal mentalProcesses in human thought, behavior, and emotion
How people perceive, remember, I think, speak, and solve problems. The role of interpretation and lived experiences
What is the sociocultural perspective?
Focusses on how social and cultural forces outside of the individual impact thought, behavior, and emotion
What was the purpose of James Mollison’s where children sleep experiment?
experiment where photographs of children from different cultural and social backgrounds and their bedrooms were compared. This was to understand how our social and cultural environment impacts our development as human beings
What is the evolutionary perspective?
The brain is shaped by natural selection and challenges throughout our species evolutionarily history.
Note: while today the human mind is shaped by the modern social world, it is adapt to the natural environment in which it evolved
Why is it important, in psychology, to incorporate many factors and use different approaches?
Human behaviour is very complex and very rarely can be explained by one or two explanations or factors. Many different components interact to produce human behavior.
Some psychologist believe that the next developmental field in psych will be the integrative perspective. What is this?
This is a perspective that incorporates every other solution and compares and contrasts them.
Ex) Biological, early childhood experiences, teaching and learning styles, self-esteem/identity/goals, cognitive function, social and cultural setting, and evolution every past
