Chapter 13 Flashcards
What are the three levels of psychological analysis?
Lower (biological), middle (personal/interpersonal) and higher (social/cultural)
Describe social psychology
The science of social psychology investigates the ways other people affect our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
(social norms + roles, attraction, social influence, social cognition, crowds)
What part of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs does social psychology study?
Love and belonging: friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
What are social norms?
rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit conventions
Describe conversational distance
how close to one another people typically stand when talking
Describe social roles
social positions that are governed by a set of norms for proper behaviour; the various parts people play as members of a social group
Describe sexual/romantic scripts
sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual/dating behaviour for a person in a given situation
What is the mere-exposure effect, aka “girl/boy nextdoor effect”?
tendency to like a person more if we have been exposed to them repeatedly
Describe what “birds of feather” in terms of attraction
Hint: social and personal characteristics
Homophily is the tendency to have contact with people who are similar.
Matching phenomenon tendency for people to choose partners who match them– similar attitudes, intelligence, attractiveness
True or false? Physical attractiveness is important across all relationship types and sexual orientations.
True
what is the interpersonal marketplace, in terms of attraction
Womens worth is historically based more on physical attractiveness and men’s worth is based more on sucess
Describe reinforcement theory
Simply stated: we like people who confer rewards on us. Interacting with similar others is emotionally rewarding, physically attractive partners is socially rewarding, and high earning partners are socially and materially rewarding.
Describe sexual strategies theory of sociobiology (Evolution theory)
Mating is about reproduction: health and fertility versus resources for rearing offspring
Describe likability (in regards to attraction)
A person’s likability may make them seem more physically attractive than they are to others who do not know them
Describe the process of persuasion
the process of influencing attitudes or behaviours through communication and without duress
What are persuasive advertisements?
designed to elicit the desired action, usually purchasing a product
Describe the scarcity effect.
people place a higher value on an object that is scarce and a lower value on one that is abundant
What is the reciprocity effect?
if someone does something for you, you’re more likely to want to do something for them.
Describe what social proof means.
Also known as an informational social influence; consumers will adapt their behaviour according to what other people are doing
What are six factors related to conformity?
culture, sex, role of consensus, public vs private performance (who is watching), age, and number of confederates (the amount of people who are in on the experiment)
What are the main reasons people conform?
fear of social rejection, aversion to difference, reliance in group judgement
What is the definition of obedience?
following orders or requests from people percieved to be in a position of authority
What was Milgram’s Classic Obedience Study?
Investigated the power of social roles and norm of obedience to authority. Shock level experiment
What is social cognition?
How we think about the social world and perceive others
What is the different between explicit and implicit attitudes?
We are aware of explicit, unaware of implicit
True or false? Our attitudes cannot be altered by new experiences.
False
Describe the validity effect
tendency to believe something is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times
Describe the familiarity effect
(aka mere exposure effect); the tendency for people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimuli as they become familiar with it
What is attribution theory?
we are motivated to explain our own and other people’s behaviour by attributing causes/motives to these acts
What is fundamental attribution error?
the tendency, in explaining other peoples behaviour, to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation
What is diffusion of responsibility, in regards to crowd psychology?
group process in which responsibility for an outcome is diffused, or spread, among many people, reducing each individual’s personal sense of accountability
Describe bystander apathy.
In crowds, when someone is in trouble, individuals often fail to take action or call for help because they assume someone else will do so
Describe deindividuation
a social psychological phenomenon where individuals lose awareness of their own individuality and seem to become governed by the mood and actions of large crowds
What are four reasons people obey/adhere to social roles and situational norms?
the threat of punishment, the hope of rewards perceived legitimacy of authority figures, entrapment
What are the five factors of coercive persuasion?
Entrapment, problems explained by simple attributions, repetition of ideology and continuous exposure to symbols, promise of salvation, and controlled access to disconfirming information
