Chapter 14 Flashcards
any chemical other than
food intended to affect the
structure or function of the body
drug
any habit that has
gotten out of control, resulting in a
negative impact on a person’s health:
addictive behaviour
General characteristics associated with
addictive behaviors:
o Reinforcement o Compulsion or craving o Loss of control o Escalation o Negative consequences
•Common behaviors are potentially:
addictive
Examples of
Addictive Behaviors
Compulsive or pathological
gambling
Compulsive buying or shopping
•Internet addiction
substace ABUSE:
• Recurrent use of a substance, resulting in a
failure to fulfill major responsibilities at work,
school, or home
• Recurrent use in situations in which it is
physically hazardous (e.g. before driving)
• Recurrent legal problems
• Continued use despite persistent social or
interpersonal problems
• The pattern of use may be constant or
intermittent, and physical dependence may or
may not be present
a cluster of
symptoms that occur in an individual who
continues to use a substance despite suffering
significant problems, leading to significant
impairment or distress
Substance dependence
alcohol stats:
About 79% of Canadians over age 15
drink alcohol in some form
can impair functioning in the
short term and cause devastating
damage in the long term:
alcohol
related to the leading
cause of death among people between
ages 15 and 24 :
alcohol
the amount of alcohol in the blood in terms of
weight per unit volume; used as a measure of
intoxication:
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
The body can metabolize about:
one-half a drink in an hour
Women typically have a higher:
BAC
Low doses of alcohol:
induce relaxation and
release inhibitions
High doses of alcohol have many dangerous
physical and psychological effects -
impaired judgment, weakened sensory perception, reduced inhibitions, impaired motor coordination, increased aggressiveness and hostility
2002 - stats:
close to 1000 deaths in Canada directly
related to alcohol consumption
how much % of all serious injury collisions involved alcohol?
18%
Effects of
Chronic Use of Alcohol:
Reduced life expectancy ~ 15 years
Cirrhosis
Increased risk of heart attack and cancer
Psychological problems: paranoia, memory gaps
a disease in which liver tissue is
replaced with scar tissue and severely
damaged
Cirrhosis
heavy drinking=
100 + drinks / month for men,
80 + for women
heavy drinking results in:
brain damage and impaired
mental functioning
High doses of alcohol lead to:
• cardiovascular problems, including high
blood pressure, arrhythmia, and weakening
of the heart muscle.
• alcohol is a known human carcinogen - oral
cancer; esophageal, liver, stomach, and
pancreas; and breast cancer.
• links to asthma, gout, diabetes, recurrent
infections, nutritional deficiencies, and
nervous system diseases.
__% of Canadian women aged 15 and
older reported drinking in 2012:
74%
__% of these women exceeded the
long-term health risk guidelines
16%
__% of these women exceeded the
acute risk guidelines
10%
Women are generally more vulnerable
to the effects of alcohol because:
On average, women weigh less and people who
weigh less reach higher blood alcohol levels
compared to people who weigh more.
Women have more adipose tissue (fat), causing
alcohol to be absorbed more slowly and the effects
of alcohol to take longer to wear off.
Women have less water in their bodies to dilute
alcohol. If a woman and a man of the same weight
drink an equal amount of alcohol, a woman’s blood
alcohol concentration will be higher.
Women have lower levels of the enzymes that break
down alcohol. This means that alcohol remains in a
woman’s system longer.
Drinking during Pregnancy
Possible results:
miscarriage,
stillbirth, or
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
a characteristic group of
serious, disabling birth defects:
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
FASD in Canada - estimated to be:
9 in every
1000 live births
Normal appearance but mild to serious
learning and behaviour problems based on
damage from maternal alcohol ingestion
during pregnancy:
Alcohol-Related
Neurodevelopmental Disorder
FASD also called
“fetal alcohol effects”
the use of alcohol to a
degree that causes physical damage,
impairs functioning, or results in behaviour
harmful to others:
Alcohol abuse
a chronic
psychological disorder, characterized by
excessive and compulsive drinking:
Alcohol dependence (alcoholism)
state of confusion
brought on by the reduction of alcohol
intake in a dependent person:
o DTs (delirium tremens)
Alcohol Abuse - Warning Signs:
• Drinking alone or secretively
• Using alcohol deliberately and repeatedly to
perform or get through difficult situations
• Feeling uncomfortable on certain occasions
when alcohol is not available
• Escalating alcohol consumption beyond an
already established drinking pattern
• Consuming alcohol heavily in risky situations,
such as before driving
• Getting drunk regularly or more frequently
than in the past
• Drinking in the morning or other unusual times
__% of Canadian undergraduates reported
using alcohol in the previous month and
___% considered themselves to be heavy
drinkers (>5 drinks daily) on a weekly basis
77%, 16.1%
___more likely than ____ to consume 5 +
or 8 + drinks (very heavy drinkers) on a
single occasion
men, women
periodically drinking
alcohol to the point of severe intoxication:
binge drinking
affects both drinking and non-drinking
students (hostility, aggression, etc.):
binge drinking
disrupting other ppl with binge drinking:
driving after drinking too much (7.4%)
unplanned sexual relations (14.1%)
engaging in unsafe sex practices (6.0%)
interrupt the study or sleep of others (32.9%)
serious arguments or quarrels (17.3%)
likely to push or assault others (10%)
sexually harass another person (3.8%)
To reduce long-term health risks guidelines:
• Women consume no more than 10 drinks a week
and no more than two drinks a day most days; and
• Men consume no more than 15 drinks a week and
no more than three drinks a day most days.
To reduce the risk of injury and harm:
• Women consume no more than 3 drinks on any
single occasion and stay within weekly limits
• Men consume no more than 4 drinks on any single
occasion and stay within weekly limits.
If one
chooses to drink alcohol, the Canadian Cancer
Society recommends that to reduce the risk of
developing cancer, keep drinking to less than:
o one drink a day for women
o two drinks a day for men
so the less alcohol you drink, the
more you reduce the risk of developing:
cancer
Any type of alcohol (beer, wine or spirits) increases
the risk of :
cancer
Drinking 3.5 drinks a day can:
• Double or even triple the risk of developing
cancer of the mouth, pharynx, larynx and
esophagus
• Increase the risk of developing cancer of the
colon, rectum and breast by 1.5 times
Every cigarette smoked reduces life
expectancy by about:
11 minutes
a poisonous, addictive substance
found in tobacco and responsible for many
of the effects of tobacco:
nicotine
of adult tobacco users
started smoking before the age of 18 :
more than 80%
can start within a few
days of smoking and after just a few
cigarettes.
nicotine addiction
Nicotine
stimulates the
release of:
dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasurable feelings
Short-Term Effects of Smoking a Cigarette
increased wrinkling, hair loss
Carbon monoxide, the deadly gas in
automobile exhaust, is present in cigarette
smoke in concentrations:
400 times greater
than the safety threshold set in
workplaces
Low-tar and low-nicotine cigarettes :
do not
reduce these chemicals because smokers
inhale more deeply and more frequently
• causes damage to the gums and lips,
including white and red gum patches,
gum recession, and bone loss
• significantly increased risk of oral cancer
spit tobacco
smoke that enters the atmosphere from
the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or
pipe – in addition to smoke exhaled by
smokers:
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
smoke that is
inhaled by a smoker and then exhaled
into the atmosphere:
Mainstream smoke
smoke that enters
the atmosphere from the burning end of
a cigarette, cigar, or pipe:
Sidestream smoke
Children and infants are particularly
vulnerable to the effects of:
ETS, low body
weight and higher respiratory rate
ETS causes changes capable of
contributing to lung tissue damage,
coronary artery damage, and tumour
promotion in the bloodstream after just:
30 min. to 3 hours in a smoke-filled room
__% of pregnant mothers smoke
25%
fertilized egg implants
itself in an oviduct rather than in the uterus:
ectopic pregnancy
a smoker would have to gain ___
pounds to equal the health risks of smoking
a pack a day
75-100
