Chapter 14 Flashcards by ana odep

any chemical other than
food intended to affect the
structure or function of the body

drug

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any habit that has
gotten out of control, resulting in a
negative impact on a person’s health:

addictive behaviour

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General characteristics associated with

addictive behaviors:

o Reinforcement
o Compulsion or craving
o Loss of control
o Escalation
o Negative consequences

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•Common behaviors are potentially:

addictive

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Examples of

Addictive Behaviors

Compulsive or pathological
gambling
Compulsive buying or shopping
•Internet addiction

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substace ABUSE:

• Recurrent use of a substance, resulting in a
failure to fulfill major responsibilities at work,
school, or home
• Recurrent use in situations in which it is
physically hazardous (e.g. before driving)
• Recurrent legal problems
• Continued use despite persistent social or
interpersonal problems
• The pattern of use may be constant or
intermittent, and physical dependence may or
may not be present

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a cluster of
symptoms that occur in an individual who
continues to use a substance despite suffering
significant problems, leading to significant
impairment or distress

Substance dependence

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alcohol stats:

About 79% of Canadians over age 15

drink alcohol in some form

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can impair functioning in the
short term and cause devastating
damage in the long term:

alcohol

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related to the leading
cause of death among people between
ages 15 and 24 :

alcohol

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the amount of alcohol in the blood in terms of
weight per unit volume; used as a measure of
intoxication:

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

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The body can metabolize about:

one-half a drink in an hour

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Women typically have a higher:

BAC

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Low doses of alcohol:

induce relaxation and

release inhibitions

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High doses of alcohol have many dangerous

physical and psychological effects -

 impaired judgment,
  weakened sensory perception,
  reduced inhibitions,
 impaired motor coordination,
  increased aggressiveness and hostility

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2002 - stats:

close to 1000 deaths in Canada directly

related to alcohol consumption

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how much % of all serious injury collisions involved alcohol?

18%

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Effects of

Chronic Use of Alcohol:

Reduced life expectancy ~ 15 years
Cirrhosis
Increased risk of heart attack and cancer
Psychological problems: paranoia, memory gaps

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a disease in which liver tissue is
replaced with scar tissue and severely
damaged

Cirrhosis

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heavy drinking=

100 + drinks / month for men,

80 + for women

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heavy drinking results in:

brain damage and impaired

mental functioning

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High doses of alcohol lead to:

• cardiovascular problems, including high
blood pressure, arrhythmia, and weakening
of the heart muscle.
• alcohol is a known human carcinogen - oral
cancer; esophageal, liver, stomach, and
pancreas; and breast cancer.
• links to asthma, gout, diabetes, recurrent
infections, nutritional deficiencies, and
nervous system diseases.

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__% of Canadian women aged 15 and

older reported drinking in 2012:

74%

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__% of these women exceeded the

long-term health risk guidelines

16%

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__% of these women exceeded the | acute risk guidelines

10%

Women are generally more vulnerable | to the effects of alcohol because:

On average, women weigh less and people who weigh less reach higher blood alcohol levels compared to people who weigh more. Women have more adipose tissue (fat), causing alcohol to be absorbed more slowly and the effects of alcohol to take longer to wear off. Women have less water in their bodies to dilute alcohol. If a woman and a man of the same weight drink an equal amount of alcohol, a woman’s blood alcohol concentration will be higher. Women have lower levels of the enzymes that break down alcohol. This means that alcohol remains in a woman’s system longer.

Drinking during Pregnancy | Possible results:

 miscarriage,  stillbirth, or  fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

a characteristic group of | serious, disabling birth defects:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

FASD in Canada - estimated to be:

9 in every | 1000 live births

Normal appearance but mild to serious learning and behaviour problems based on damage from maternal alcohol ingestion during pregnancy:

Alcohol-Related | Neurodevelopmental Disorder

FASD also called

“fetal alcohol effects”

the use of alcohol to a degree that causes physical damage, impairs functioning, or results in behaviour harmful to others:

Alcohol abuse

a chronic psychological disorder, characterized by excessive and compulsive drinking:

Alcohol dependence (alcoholism)

state of confusion brought on by the reduction of alcohol intake in a dependent person:

o DTs (delirium tremens)

Alcohol Abuse - Warning Signs:

• Drinking alone or secretively • Using alcohol deliberately and repeatedly to perform or get through difficult situations • Feeling uncomfortable on certain occasions when alcohol is not available • Escalating alcohol consumption beyond an already established drinking pattern • Consuming alcohol heavily in risky situations, such as before driving • Getting drunk regularly or more frequently than in the past • Drinking in the morning or other unusual times

__% of Canadian undergraduates reported using alcohol in the previous month and ___% considered themselves to be heavy drinkers (>5 drinks daily) on a weekly basis

77%, 16.1%

___more likely than ____ to consume 5 + or 8 + drinks (very heavy drinkers) on a single occasion

men, women

periodically drinking | alcohol to the point of severe intoxication:

binge drinking

affects both drinking and non-drinking | students (hostility, aggression, etc.):

binge drinking

disrupting other ppl with binge drinking:

 driving after drinking too much (7.4%)  unplanned sexual relations (14.1%)  engaging in unsafe sex practices (6.0%)  interrupt the study or sleep of others (32.9%)  serious arguments or quarrels (17.3%)  likely to push or assault others (10%)  sexually harass another person (3.8%)

To reduce long-term health risks guidelines:

• Women consume no more than 10 drinks a week and no more than two drinks a day most days; and • Men consume no more than 15 drinks a week and no more than three drinks a day most days.

To reduce the risk of injury and harm:

• Women consume no more than 3 drinks on any single occasion and stay within weekly limits • Men consume no more than 4 drinks on any single occasion and stay within weekly limits.

If one chooses to drink alcohol, the Canadian Cancer Society recommends that to reduce the risk of developing cancer, keep drinking to less than:

o one drink a day for women | o two drinks a day for men

so the less alcohol you drink, the | more you reduce the risk of developing:

cancer

Any type of alcohol (beer, wine or spirits) increases | the risk of :

cancer

Drinking 3.5 drinks a day can:

• Double or even triple the risk of developing cancer of the mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus • Increase the risk of developing cancer of the colon, rectum and breast by 1.5 times

Every cigarette smoked reduces life | expectancy by about:

11 minutes

a poisonous, addictive substance found in tobacco and responsible for many of the effects of tobacco:

nicotine

of adult tobacco users | started smoking before the age of 18 :

more than 80%

can start within a few days of smoking and after just a few cigarettes.

nicotine addiction

Nicotine stimulates the release of:

``` dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasurable feelings ```

Short-Term Effects of Smoking a Cigarette

increased wrinkling, hair loss

Carbon monoxide, the deadly gas in automobile exhaust, is present in cigarette smoke in concentrations:

400 times greater than the safety threshold set in workplaces

Low-tar and low-nicotine cigarettes :

do not reduce these chemicals because smokers inhale more deeply and more frequently

• causes damage to the gums and lips, including white and red gum patches, gum recession, and bone loss • significantly increased risk of oral cancer

spit tobacco

smoke that enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe – in addition to smoke exhaled by smokers:

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

smoke that is inhaled by a smoker and then exhaled into the atmosphere:

Mainstream smoke

smoke that enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe:

Sidestream smoke

Children and infants are particularly | vulnerable to the effects of:

ETS, low body | weight and higher respiratory rate

ETS causes changes capable of contributing to lung tissue damage, coronary artery damage, and tumour promotion in the bloodstream after just:

30 min. to 3 hours in a smoke-filled room

__% of pregnant mothers smoke

25%

fertilized egg implants | itself in an oviduct rather than in the uterus:

ectopic pregnancy

a smoker would have to gain ___ pounds to equal the health risks of smoking a pack a day

75-100