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Exercise Science > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) =

A

disease of

the heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

leading cause of death among

North Americans:

A

CVD

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3
Q

One-third of Canadians will die of:

A

CVD

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4
Q

MAJOR CVD Risk Factors That CAN Be Changed:

A 
# 1 TOBACCO USE + EXPOSURE TO E.T.S
# 2 HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (hypertension)
# 3 UNHEALTHY CHOLESTEROL LEVELS
# 4 PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
# 5 OBESITY
# 6 DIABETES (and pre-diabetes)
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5
Q

Smokers -

A
  • 2-4x more likely to develop CVD
    +70% chance of dying of CVD (compared to non-smokers)
  • Causes about 1 in 5 Cdn. deaths from CVD
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6
Q

Female smokers:

A

2x cervical cancer,
3x death from
CVD,
5x death from stroke

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7
Q

tobacco use:

A 
 Damages artery linings
 Reduces HDL
 Raises LDL and triglycerides
 Causes platelets to stick together (clots)
 Raises heart rate and blood pressure
 Displaces oxygen in the blood
 Increases the rate of development of fatty
deposits in arteries
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8
Q

pressure when heart contracts:

A

systole

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9
Q

pressure when heart relaxes:

A

diastole

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10
Q

High blood pressure strains and weakens the heart by

A

increasing its workload, damages and reduces
elasticity of the arteries, and increases risk of heart
attack, stroke, kidney failure, blindness

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11
Q

In high blood pressure, Extra force exerted on artery walls by:

A

 Increased output of blood

 Increased resistance within arteries

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12
Q

in high blood pressure, what happens in artery walls?

A

atherosclerosis

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13
Q

why is CVD a Silent killer?

A

damage and increased risk of death from heart

attack is hard to detect – no overt symptoms

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14
Q

see blood pressure classification!

A

see blood pressure classification!

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15
Q

Reduce high blood pressure with ..

A 
 regular exercise,
 weight loss
 healthy diet (*reduced salt*)
 (potassium + fibre increased to recommended levels)
 moderation of alcohol intake
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16
Q

= unhealthy (“bad”) cholesterol;

A

LDL

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17
Q

= healthy (“good”) cholesterol;

A

HDL

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18
Q

LDL what does it do?

A

excess amounts deposited in artery walls

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19
Q

HDL what does it do?

A

 shuttles unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling

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20
Q

is a fatty, waxy substance that circulates in the

blood

A

cholesterol

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21
Q

cholesterol forms part of:

A 
 cell membranes
 sex hormones
 Vitamin D
 lung coatings
 protective, insulating nerve coatings
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22
Q

cholesterol is produced in ___ and consumed in ___

A

liver, foods

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23
Q

unhealthy cholesterol Levels can be improved by:

A

 quitting smoking,
 losing weight
 exercising,
 improving diet

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24
Q

improving diet for cholesterol:

A

 replace saturated and trans fat with unsaturated fat +
soluble fibre to promote the excretion of LDL via liver,
 add more fruits, vegetables, fiber, whole grains,
 reduce overall fat intake

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25
Q

Exercise …

A 
 decreases blood pressure
 decreases resting heart rate,
 improves cholesterol, (raises HDL)
 improves the condition of blood vessels,
 helps prevent obesity and diabetes
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26
Q

Excess body fat contributes to:

A

 High blood pressure
 Elevated cholesterol levels
 Diabetes
 Narrowing of coronary arteries

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27
Q

Fat that collects in the ___ (“apple” shape) is more
dangerous than fat that collects around the ____
(“pear” shape)

A

torso, hips

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28
Q

diabetes Increases CVD risk even if:

A

glucose and insulin levels

are under control

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29
Q

diabetes is Linked to other CVD risk factors like:

A

hypertension, high

cholesterol, high triglycerides, clotting problems

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30
Q

Pre-diabetes increases risk of:

A

CVD

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31
Q

blood fats obtained from food + manufactured by the body:

A

Triglycerides

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32
Q

Reliable predictor of CVD, alone /+ other factors

A

High triglyceride levels

33
Q

Contributing factors of High triglyceride levels:

A

 Many of the same factors that increase cholesterol levels
(excess body fat, inactivity, smoking, type 2 diabetes)
 Excess alcohol intake
 Very high carbohydrate diet

34
Q

Psychological and social factors of CVD:

A

 Stress (strains blood vessels, disturbs heart rhythms,
encourages unhealthy habits)
 Chronic hostility and anger
 Suppressing psychological distress
 Depression and anxiety
 Social isolation
 Low socioeconomic status (stress, health care, lifestyle)

35
Q

Alcohol and Drug Use

… has a negative effect on:

A 
 triglycerides
 stress
 blood glucose
 blood pressure
 etc.
36
Q

MAJOR CVD Risk Factors That CAN’T Be Changed:

A 
 Family history/heredity
 Aging
 Being male
 C-Reactive Protein
 Ethnicity
37
Q

Family history/heredity:

A

 Multiple genes contribute to physiological CVD risk

38
Q

 Heart attack risk increases significantly after:

A

65

39
Q

Stroke incidence increases __% after __?

A

30%, 55

40
Q

in Canada, which ethnicities have more CVD risk?

A 
First Nations (3x), Inuit, European + South
Asian origins
41
Q

Immigrant populations increase their health and CV risk

as they adopt:

A

unhealthy North American lifestyle habits

42
Q

in US, which ethnicities have more CVD risk?

A

African North Americans + some Hispanic
origins have higher rates of hypertension, stroke,
angina

43
Q

A person is diagnosed with insulin resistance

syndrome with 3 or more of the following risk factors:

A 
 Abdominal obesity
 High blood pressure
 High triglycerides
 Low HDL cholesterol
 High blood glucose
44
Q

insulin resistance syndrome % in canadian population and first nations:

A

25+% Cdn. population, 41% First Nations

45
Q

Women underestimate their:

A

CVD risk

46
Q

Nearly 1 in 2 Cdn. women dies from:

A

CVD

47
Q

About 1 in 25 Cdn. women dies from:

A

breast cancer

48
Q

 Women are protected from CVD at younger ages by :

A

natural estrogen

49
Q

After menopause, women are more likely than men :

A

to die within a year after a heart attack

50
Q

Women are more likely to have a heart attack

without:

A

chest pain

51
Q

Major Forms of

Cardiovascular Disease:

A 
 Hypertension (a risk factor and a form of CVD)
 Atherosclerosis
 Heart disease and heart attacks
 Stroke
 Congestive heart failure
52
Q

Arteries are narrowed by
deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances
called plaques:

A

Atherosclerosis

53
Q

 Once narrowed by a plaque, an artery is

vulnerable to:

A

blockage by blood clots

54
Q

 Blockage in the coronary arteries (coronary heart

disease) can lead to a:

A

heart attack

55
Q

Blockage in the brain can cause a:

A

stroke

56
Q

Damage to, or death of, heart muscle,
sometimes resulting in a failure of the heart to deliver enough
blood to the body; myocardial infarction:

A

Heart attack

57
Q

A condition in which the heart muscle does
not receive enough blood, causing severe pain in the chest
and often in the left arm and shoulder.

A

Angina pectoris

58
Q

An irregularity in the force or rhythm of the

heartbeat.

A

Arrhythmia

59
Q

weak, ineffective heart contractions

A

ventricular fibrillation

60
Q

A non-traumatic, unexpected death
from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia (in
association with underlying heart disease).

A

Sudden cardiac death

61
Q

Victim of heart attack often:

A

waits too
long before seeking
help (denial)

62
Q

Diagnosis for heart disease:

A

 Exercise stress test

 MRI, echocardiogram, angiogram

63
Q

Treatment for Heart Disease:

A 
 Lifestyle changes (diet and exercise)
 Low-dose aspirin therapy
 Prescription medications
 Balloon angioplasty
 Coronary stents
 Coronary bypass surgery
64
Q

one possible
treatment for
heart disease:

A

surgery

65
Q

An impeded blood supply to some part of

the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells:

A

stroke

66
Q

(CerebroVascular Accident):

A

stroke

67
Q

Ischemic stroke =

A

caused by blockage in artery

68
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke =

A

caused by ruptured blood vessel

69
Q

Strokes may cause:

A

paralysis, walking disability,
speech impairment, or memory loss depending on
affected area of brain

70
Q

Treatment for strokes may include:

A

clot-dissolving and

antihypertensive drugs

71
Q

condition resulting from
the heart’s inability to pump out all the blood that
returns to it:

A

Congestive heart failure

72
Q

what happens in congestive heart failure?

A

Blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart and
fluid seeps into the tissues, causing an accumulation
of fluid in various parts of the body (lungs, ankles,
legs, etc.

73
Q

causes of congestive heart failure?

A

Caused by high blood pressure, heart attack,

atherosclerosis, birth defects, rheumatic fever

74
Q

salt intake for DASH diet:

A

 Decrease salt: 1500 mg./day (max. 2300 mg.)

75
Q

 traps bile acids and carries them to the bowel for
excretion :
- slows production of proteins that promote clot
formation:

A

Soluble fibre

76
Q

the liver manufactures less cholesterol

due to a lack of:

A

bile acid

77
Q

Protect Yourself Against Cardiovascular Disease

A

 Know and manage your blood pressure
 Know and manage your cholesterol levels
 Develop ways to handle stress and anger
 Know your risk factors

78
Q
  • interferes with absorption of dietary fat:
     increases feelings of “fullness” (if water is
    adequate), encouraging lower food intake
A

Insoluble fibre

Exercise Science (14 decks)

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