Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) =
A
disease of
the heart and blood vessels
2
Q
leading cause of death among
North Americans:
A
CVD
3
Q
One-third of Canadians will die of:
A
CVD
4
Q
MAJOR CVD Risk Factors That CAN Be Changed:
A
# 1 TOBACCO USE + EXPOSURE TO E.T.S # 2 HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (hypertension) # 3 UNHEALTHY CHOLESTEROL LEVELS # 4 PHYSICAL INACTIVITY # 5 OBESITY # 6 DIABETES (and pre-diabetes)
5
Q
Smokers -
A
- 2-4x more likely to develop CVD
+70% chance of dying of CVD (compared to non-smokers) - Causes about 1 in 5 Cdn. deaths from CVD
6
Q
Female smokers:
A
2x cervical cancer,
3x death from
CVD,
5x death from stroke
7
Q
tobacco use:
A
Damages artery linings Reduces HDL Raises LDL and triglycerides Causes platelets to stick together (clots) Raises heart rate and blood pressure Displaces oxygen in the blood Increases the rate of development of fatty deposits in arteries
8
Q
pressure when heart contracts:
A
systole
9
Q
pressure when heart relaxes:
A
diastole
10
Q
High blood pressure strains and weakens the heart by
A
increasing its workload, damages and reduces
elasticity of the arteries, and increases risk of heart
attack, stroke, kidney failure, blindness
11
Q
In high blood pressure, Extra force exerted on artery walls by:
A
Increased output of blood
Increased resistance within arteries
12
Q
in high blood pressure, what happens in artery walls?
A
atherosclerosis
13
Q
why is CVD a Silent killer?
A
damage and increased risk of death from heart
attack is hard to detect – no overt symptoms
14
Q
see blood pressure classification!
A
see blood pressure classification!
15
Q
Reduce high blood pressure with ..
A
regular exercise, weight loss healthy diet (*reduced salt*) (potassium + fibre increased to recommended levels) moderation of alcohol intake
16
Q
= unhealthy (“bad”) cholesterol;
A
LDL
17
Q
= healthy (“good”) cholesterol;
A
HDL
18
Q
LDL what does it do?
A
excess amounts deposited in artery walls
19
Q
HDL what does it do?
A
shuttles unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling
20
Q
is a fatty, waxy substance that circulates in the
blood
A
cholesterol
21
Q
cholesterol forms part of:
A
cell membranes sex hormones Vitamin D lung coatings protective, insulating nerve coatings
22
Q
cholesterol is produced in ___ and consumed in ___
A
liver, foods
23
Q
unhealthy cholesterol Levels can be improved by:
A
quitting smoking,
losing weight
exercising,
improving diet
24
Q
improving diet for cholesterol:
A
replace saturated and trans fat with unsaturated fat +
soluble fibre to promote the excretion of LDL via liver,
add more fruits, vegetables, fiber, whole grains,
reduce overall fat intake
25
Exercise …
```
decreases blood pressure
decreases resting heart rate,
improves cholesterol, (raises HDL)
improves the condition of blood vessels,
helps prevent obesity and diabetes
```
26
Excess body fat contributes to:
High blood pressure
Elevated cholesterol levels
Diabetes
Narrowing of coronary arteries
27
Fat that collects in the ___ (“apple” shape) is more
dangerous than fat that collects around the ____
(“pear” shape)
torso, hips
28
diabetes Increases CVD risk even if:
glucose and insulin levels
| are under control
29
diabetes is Linked to other CVD risk factors like:
hypertension, high
| cholesterol, high triglycerides, clotting problems
30
Pre-diabetes increases risk of:
CVD
31
blood fats obtained from food + manufactured by the body:
Triglycerides
32
Reliable predictor of CVD, alone /+ other factors
High triglyceride levels
33
Contributing factors of High triglyceride levels:
Many of the same factors that increase cholesterol levels
(excess body fat, inactivity, smoking, type 2 diabetes)
Excess alcohol intake
Very high carbohydrate diet
34
Psychological and social factors of CVD:
Stress (strains blood vessels, disturbs heart rhythms,
encourages unhealthy habits)
Chronic hostility and anger
Suppressing psychological distress
Depression and anxiety
Social isolation
Low socioeconomic status (stress, health care, lifestyle)
35
Alcohol and Drug Use
| … has a negative effect on:
```
triglycerides
stress
blood glucose
blood pressure
etc.
```
36
MAJOR CVD Risk Factors That CAN’T Be Changed:
```
Family history/heredity
Aging
Being male
C-Reactive Protein
Ethnicity
```
37
Family history/heredity:
Multiple genes contribute to physiological CVD risk
38
Heart attack risk increases significantly after:
65
39
Stroke incidence increases __% after __?
30%, 55
40
in Canada, which ethnicities have more CVD risk?
```
First Nations (3x), Inuit, European + South
Asian origins
```
41
Immigrant populations increase their health and CV risk
| as they adopt:
unhealthy North American lifestyle habits
42
in US, which ethnicities have more CVD risk?
African North Americans + some Hispanic
origins have higher rates of hypertension, stroke,
angina
43
A person is diagnosed with insulin resistance
| syndrome with 3 or more of the following risk factors:
```
Abdominal obesity
High blood pressure
High triglycerides
Low HDL cholesterol
High blood glucose
```
44
insulin resistance syndrome % in canadian population and first nations:
25+% Cdn. population, 41% First Nations
45
Women underestimate their:
CVD risk
46
Nearly 1 in 2 Cdn. women dies from:
CVD
47
About 1 in 25 Cdn. women dies from:
breast cancer
48
Women are protected from CVD at younger ages by :
natural estrogen
49
After menopause, women are more likely than men :
to die within a year after a heart attack
50
Women are more likely to have a heart attack
| without:
chest pain
51
Major Forms of
| Cardiovascular Disease:
```
Hypertension (a risk factor and a form of CVD)
Atherosclerosis
Heart disease and heart attacks
Stroke
Congestive heart failure
```
52
Arteries are narrowed by
deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances
called plaques:
Atherosclerosis
53
Once narrowed by a plaque, an artery is
| vulnerable to:
blockage by blood clots
54
Blockage in the coronary arteries (coronary heart
| disease) can lead to a:
heart attack
55
Blockage in the brain can cause a:
stroke
56
Damage to, or death of, heart muscle,
sometimes resulting in a failure of the heart to deliver enough
blood to the body; myocardial infarction:
Heart attack
57
A condition in which the heart muscle does
not receive enough blood, causing severe pain in the chest
and often in the left arm and shoulder.
Angina pectoris
58
An irregularity in the force or rhythm of the
| heartbeat.
Arrhythmia
59
weak, ineffective heart contractions
ventricular fibrillation
60
A non-traumatic, unexpected death
from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia (in
association with underlying heart disease).
Sudden cardiac death
61
Victim of heart attack often:
waits too
long before seeking
help (denial)
62
Diagnosis for heart disease:
Exercise stress test
| MRI, echocardiogram, angiogram
63
Treatment for Heart Disease:
```
Lifestyle changes (diet and exercise)
Low-dose aspirin therapy
Prescription medications
Balloon angioplasty
Coronary stents
Coronary bypass surgery
```
64
one possible
treatment for
heart disease:
surgery
65
An impeded blood supply to some part of
| the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells:
stroke
66
(CerebroVascular Accident):
stroke
67
Ischemic stroke =
caused by blockage in artery
68
Hemorrhagic stroke =
caused by ruptured blood vessel
69
Strokes may cause:
paralysis, walking disability,
speech impairment, or memory loss depending on
affected area of brain
70
Treatment for strokes may include:
clot-dissolving and
| antihypertensive drugs
71
condition resulting from
the heart’s inability to pump out all the blood that
returns to it:
Congestive heart failure
72
what happens in congestive heart failure?
Blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart and
fluid seeps into the tissues, causing an accumulation
of fluid in various parts of the body (lungs, ankles,
legs, etc.
73
causes of congestive heart failure?
Caused by high blood pressure, heart attack,
| atherosclerosis, birth defects, rheumatic fever
74
salt intake for DASH diet:
Decrease salt: 1500 mg./day (max. 2300 mg.)
75
traps bile acids and carries them to the bowel for
excretion :
- slows production of proteins that promote clot
formation:
Soluble fibre
76
the liver manufactures less cholesterol
| due to a lack of:
bile acid
77
Protect Yourself Against Cardiovascular Disease
Know and manage your blood pressure
Know and manage your cholesterol levels
Develop ways to handle stress and anger
Know your risk factors
78
- interferes with absorption of dietary fat:
increases feelings of “fullness” (if water is
adequate), encouraging lower food intake
Insoluble fibre
