Chapter 12 Flashcards
1
Q
cancer deaths per year:
A
More than 70,000
2
Q
Most common cause of death in Canada:
A
cancer
3
Q
how much percent cancer could be prevented through
changes in lifestyle ?
A
More than 60%
4
Q
Tobacco use accounts for:
A
1/3 of all cancer deaths
5
Q
Diet & exercise and their relationship to obesity
accounts for another:
A
30% of all deaths
6
Q
abnormal, uncontrolled cellular growth:
A
cancer
7
Q
cancerous and capable of
spreading; neoplasm:
A
Malignant tumour
8
Q
non-cancerous and nonspreading:
A
Benign tumour
9
Q
spread of cancer cells from one
part of the body to another:
A
Metastasis
10
Q
metastasis spreads via:
A
Blood vessels
Lymphatic system
11
Q
any substance that causes cancer:
A
Carcinogen
12
Q
common cancers:
A
lung cancer Colon and Rectal Cancer Breast Cancer Prostate Cancer Skin Cancers Oral cancer Testicular cancer
13
Q
Leading cause of cancer death:
A
lung cancer
14
Q
lung cancer stats:
A
estimated that 177 800 Canadians would
be diagnosed with cancer with 75 000 deaths
15
Q
Chief risk factor of lung cancer:
A
smoking
16
Q
Symptoms of lung cancer=
A
persistent cough, chest pain
17
Q
treatment of lung cancer:
A
combination of surgery, radiation,
chemotherapy
18
Q
Survival rate of lung cancer=
A
15% after five years
19
Q
Second leading cause of cancer death:
A
Colon and Rectal Cancer
20
Q
Risk factors of colon and rectal cancer:
A
Age (e.g., 50 and older) Pre-existing polyps Heredity Inactivity and obesity Diets high in red meat, smoked foods, simple sugars Excessive alcohol consumption Smoking
21
Q
Symptoms of colon and rectal cancer:
A
Bleeding from the rectum
Change in bowel habits
22
Q
Testing for colon and rectal cancer:
A
Stool blood test
Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
23
Q
Treatment for colon and rectal cancer:
A
Surgery is primary method of treatment
24
Q
Most common female cancer:
A
breast cancer (1 in 9 women)
25
Second to lung cancer in the number of cancer
| deaths among women:
breast cancer
26
Causes/risk factors of breast cancer:
Heredity
Long-term exposure to high blood levels of estrogen
Early onset of menstruation
Late onset of menopause
No children or first child after age 30
Obesity
Current use of HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
estrogen levels increased by alcohol use
Inactivity
Diet low in vegetables and fibre
27
Early detection of breast cancer:
Mammography (low-dose X ray) after age 40
Clinical breast exams
Breast awareness and self-examinations
28
Diagnosis of breast cancer:
Ultrasonography = imaging method using high-pitched sound
| Biopsy = removal and examination of a small piece of body tissue
29
Treatment of breast cancer:
Surgery (lumpectomy, mastectomy)
| Chemotherapy or radiation, social support
30
Most common cancer in men and second to lung
| cancer in the # of cancer deaths among men:
Prostate Cancer
31
Risk factors of prostate cancer:
```
Age (greater than 65)
Heredity
Lifestyle factors
Diets high in calories, dairy products, and animal fat
and low in plant foods
Obesity and inactivity
History of STIs
```
32
Detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer:
Rectal exam
PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test
Ultrasound
Biopsy
33
Treatment of prostate cancer:
Surgery
| Radioactive seeds
34
Survival rate of prostate cancer =
nearly 100% at 5 years
35
Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract:
Cervical cancer
Uterine or Endometrial Cancer
Ovarian cancer
Clear cell cancer of vagina or cervix
36
cervical cancer:
Linked to infection with HPV (genital warts)
Detected with the Pap test = scraping of cells from the
cervix for examination
Abnormal cells are monitored over time; if they progress
toward malignancy, they are removed
37
Uterine or Endometrial Cancer:
Risk factors similar to those for breast cancer
Usually detected by pelvic examination
Treatment = surgery, possibly combined with
radiation and chemotherapy
38
Ovarian cancer
Risk factors similar to breast and endometrial cancer
Anything that lowers the lifetime # of ovulation cycles reduces risk
Usually has no symptoms and is difficult to detect
Treatment = surgery
Survival rate is low due to late detection
39
Clear cell cancer of vagina or cervix is more common among
| daughters of women who took:
DES (diethylstilbestrol) to
| prevent miscarriage during pregnancy
40
Most common type of cancer, when cases of the
| highly curable forms are included:
Skin Cancers
41
Primary risk factor of skin cancers:
exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
42
damages connective tissue, leads to
| premature aging of the skin, causes skin cancer:
UVA
43
causes sunburn, damages eyes and immune
| system, causes skin cancer:
UVB
44
cancer of the
| deepest layers of the skin:
Basal cell carcinoma
45
cancer of the
| surface layers of the skin:
Squamous cell carcinoma
46
a malignant tumour of the
skin that arises from pigmented cells,
usually a mole; the most dangerous form
of skin cancer:
melanoma
47
ABCD Test for Melanoma:
A-asymmetry- is one half unlike the other?
B- Border irregularity
C- color variation
D- diameter larger than 1/4 inch
48
Preventing Skin Cancer:
Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, hats (cover skin)
Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF (30+)
Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before sun exposure, 15–30
minutes after exposure begins, and frequently after
that; apply extra if you are using insect repellant
containing DEET
Avoid sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM
Check UV index
Avoid tanning salons
49
Oral cancer
| Key risk factors
tobacco use (including spit tobacco)
| consumption of alcohol
50
oral cancer is:
Easy to detect but difficult to treat
| Most frequent in men over 40
51
```
Rare overall (less than 1% cancers in men), but most
common cancer in men age 20–35 years:
```
testicular cancer
52
testicular cancer Can be detected with
self-examination
53
Pancreatic cancer =
very deadly form of cancer
54
other cancers:
```
Bladder cancer
Kidney cancer
Brain cancer
Leukemia
Lymphoma
```
55
Leukemia =
cancer of white blood cells
56
Lymphoma =
cancer that begins in the lymph nodes
57
deoxyribonucleic acid, a chemical substance that
| carries genetic information:
DNA
58
threadlike body in a cell nucleus that
| contains molecules of DNA:
Chromosome
59
section of chromosome that contains the
| instructions for making a particular protein:
gene
60
A mutated gene no longer contains:
the proper code for
| producing its protein
61
gene involved in the transformation of a
| normal cell into a cancer cell:
Oncogene
62
Cancer promoters=
compounds that accelerate cell growth
63
dietary factors of cancers:
```
too much:
Dietary fat and meat
Alcohol
Fried Foods
not enough:
Fibre
Fruits and vegetables
Carotenoids
Antioxidants - prevent free radicals from damaging DNA
Phytochemicals
```
64
Limit consumption of:
charred, blackened, cured,
| and smoked meat and fish
65
The Causes of Cancer:
Inactivity and obesity
| Carcinogens in the environment
66
Carcinogens in the environment:
Ingested chemicals (e.g., food preservatives)
Environmental and industrial pollution
Radiation
Microbes (e.g., viruses, bacteria)
67
7 major warning signs of cancer:
```
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
```
