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Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

cancer deaths per year:

A

More than 70,000

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2
Q

Most common cause of death in Canada:

A

cancer

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3
Q

how much percent cancer could be prevented through

changes in lifestyle ?

A

More than 60%

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4
Q

Tobacco use accounts for:

A

1/3 of all cancer deaths

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5
Q

Diet & exercise and their relationship to obesity

accounts for another:

A

30% of all deaths

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6
Q

abnormal, uncontrolled cellular growth:

A

cancer

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7
Q

cancerous and capable of

spreading; neoplasm:

A

Malignant tumour

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8
Q

non-cancerous and nonspreading:

A

 Benign tumour

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9
Q

spread of cancer cells from one

part of the body to another:

A

Metastasis

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10
Q

metastasis spreads via:

A

 Blood vessels

 Lymphatic system

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11
Q

any substance that causes cancer:

A

Carcinogen

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12
Q

common cancers:

A 
lung cancer
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Skin Cancers
Oral cancer
Testicular cancer
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13
Q

Leading cause of cancer death:

A

lung cancer

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14
Q

lung cancer stats:

A

estimated that 177 800 Canadians would

be diagnosed with cancer with 75 000 deaths

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15
Q

Chief risk factor of lung cancer:

A

smoking

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16
Q

Symptoms of lung cancer=

A

persistent cough, chest pain

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17
Q

treatment of lung cancer:

A

combination of surgery, radiation,

chemotherapy

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18
Q

Survival rate of lung cancer=

A

15% after five years

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19
Q

Second leading cause of cancer death:

A

Colon and Rectal Cancer

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20
Q

Risk factors of colon and rectal cancer:

A 
 Age (e.g., 50 and older)
 Pre-existing polyps
 Heredity
 Inactivity and obesity
 Diets high in red meat, smoked foods, simple
sugars
 Excessive alcohol consumption
 Smoking
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21
Q

Symptoms of colon and rectal cancer:

A

 Bleeding from the rectum

 Change in bowel habits

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22
Q

 Testing for colon and rectal cancer:

A

 Stool blood test

 Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy

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23
Q

Treatment for colon and rectal cancer:

A

 Surgery is primary method of treatment

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24
Q

Most common female cancer:

A

breast cancer (1 in 9 women)

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25
Q

Second to lung cancer in the number of cancer

deaths among women:

A

breast cancer

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26
Q

Causes/risk factors of breast cancer:

A

 Heredity
 Long-term exposure to high blood levels of estrogen
 Early onset of menstruation
 Late onset of menopause
 No children or first child after age 30
 Obesity
 Current use of HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
 estrogen levels increased by alcohol use
 Inactivity
 Diet low in vegetables and fibre

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27
Q

 Early detection of breast cancer:

A

 Mammography (low-dose X ray) after age 40
 Clinical breast exams
 Breast awareness and self-examinations

28
Q

 Diagnosis of breast cancer:

A

 Ultrasonography = imaging method using high-pitched sound

 Biopsy = removal and examination of a small piece of body tissue

29
Q

 Treatment of breast cancer:

A

 Surgery (lumpectomy, mastectomy)

 Chemotherapy or radiation, social support

30
Q

Most common cancer in men and second to lung

cancer in the # of cancer deaths among men:

A

Prostate Cancer

31
Q

 Risk factors of prostate cancer:

A 
 Age (greater than 65)
 Heredity
 Lifestyle factors
 Diets high in calories, dairy products, and animal fat
and low in plant foods
 Obesity and inactivity
 History of STIs
32
Q

 Detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer:

A

 Rectal exam
 PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test
 Ultrasound
 Biopsy

33
Q

 Treatment of prostate cancer:

A

 Surgery

 Radioactive seeds

34
Q

 Survival rate of prostate cancer =

A

nearly 100% at 5 years

35
Q

Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract:

A

 Cervical cancer
 Uterine or Endometrial Cancer
 Ovarian cancer
 Clear cell cancer of vagina or cervix

36
Q

cervical cancer:

A

 Linked to infection with HPV (genital warts)
 Detected with the Pap test = scraping of cells from the
cervix for examination
 Abnormal cells are monitored over time; if they progress
toward malignancy, they are removed

37
Q

 Uterine or Endometrial Cancer:

A

 Risk factors similar to those for breast cancer
 Usually detected by pelvic examination
 Treatment = surgery, possibly combined with
radiation and chemotherapy

38
Q

 Ovarian cancer

A

 Risk factors similar to breast and endometrial cancer
 Anything that lowers the lifetime # of ovulation cycles reduces risk
 Usually has no symptoms and is difficult to detect
 Treatment = surgery
 Survival rate is low due to late detection

39
Q

Clear cell cancer of vagina or cervix is more common among

daughters of women who took:

A

DES (diethylstilbestrol) to

prevent miscarriage during pregnancy

40
Q

Most common type of cancer, when cases of the

highly curable forms are included:

A

Skin Cancers

41
Q

 Primary risk factor of skin cancers:

A

exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation

42
Q

damages connective tissue, leads to

premature aging of the skin, causes skin cancer:

43
Q

causes sunburn, damages eyes and immune

system, causes skin cancer:

44
Q

cancer of the

deepest layers of the skin:

A

 Basal cell carcinoma

45
Q

cancer of the

surface layers of the skin:

A

 Squamous cell carcinoma

46
Q

a malignant tumour of the
skin that arises from pigmented cells,
usually a mole; the most dangerous form
of skin cancer:

47
Q

ABCD Test for Melanoma:

A

A-asymmetry- is one half unlike the other?
B- Border irregularity
C- color variation
D- diameter larger than 1/4 inch

48
Q

Preventing Skin Cancer:

A

 Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, hats (cover skin)
 Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF (30+)
 Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before sun exposure, 15–30
minutes after exposure begins, and frequently after
that; apply extra if you are using insect repellant
containing DEET
 Avoid sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM
 Check UV index
 Avoid tanning salons

49
Q

 Oral cancer

 Key risk factors

A

 tobacco use (including spit tobacco)

 consumption of alcohol

50
Q

oral cancer is:

A

 Easy to detect but difficult to treat

 Most frequent in men over 40

51
Q 
Rare overall (less than 1% cancers in men), but most
common cancer in men age 20–35 years:
A

testicular cancer

52
Q

testicular cancer  Can be detected with

A

self-examination

53
Q

 Pancreatic cancer =

A

very deadly form of cancer

54
Q

other cancers:

A 
 Bladder cancer
 Kidney cancer
 Brain cancer
 Leukemia 
 Lymphoma
55
Q

 Leukemia =

A

cancer of white blood cells

56
Q

 Lymphoma =

A

cancer that begins in the lymph nodes

57
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid, a chemical substance that

carries genetic information:

58
Q

threadlike body in a cell nucleus that

contains molecules of DNA:

A

Chromosome

59
Q

section of chromosome that contains the

instructions for making a particular protein:

60
Q

A mutated gene no longer contains:

A

the proper code for

producing its protein

61
Q

gene involved in the transformation of a

normal cell into a cancer cell:

62
Q

Cancer promoters=

A

compounds that accelerate cell growth

63
Q

dietary factors of cancers:

A 
too much: 
Dietary fat and meat
Alcohol
Fried Foods
not enough: 
Fibre
Fruits and vegetables
Carotenoids
Antioxidants - prevent free radicals from damaging DNA
Phytochemicals
64
Q

Limit consumption of:

A

charred, blackened, cured,

and smoked meat and fish

65
Q

The Causes of Cancer:

A

 Inactivity and obesity

 Carcinogens in the environment

66
Q

 Carcinogens in the environment:

A

 Ingested chemicals (e.g., food preservatives)
 Environmental and industrial pollution
 Radiation
Microbes (e.g., viruses, bacteria)

67
Q

7 major warning signs of cancer:

A 
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

Exercise Science (14 decks)

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