CHAPTER 14

Question 1

They emphasized
cognitive and behavioral configurations that could
not be divided without destroying the meaning of
those configurations.

Answer 1

Gestaltists

Question 2

What is the German
word for Gestalt?

Answer 2

“whole,” “totality,” or “configuration.”

Question 3

Who contended that the sensory experience is structured
by the faculties of the mind;

Answer 3

Kant

Question 4

He contended
that the perception of space form and time form
are independent of any specific sensory elements;

Answer 4

Mach

Question 5

He observed that although form qualities
emerge from sensory experience, they are different
from that experience;

Answer 5

Ehrenfels

Question 6

He noted mental chemistry.

Answer 6

J. S. Mill

Question 7

He contended that consciousness is
like an ever-moving stream that cannot be divided
into elements without losing its meaning.

Answer 7

James

Question 8

It emphasizes the conscious acts of
perceiving, judging, sensing, and problem solving instead
of the division of consciousness into elements of thought.

Answer 8

Act Psychology

Question 9

What marks the founding of the Gestalt school of psychology?

Answer 9

The 1912 publication of Wertheimer’s article
on the phi phenomenon.

Question 10

It indicates that conscious experience
cannot be reduced to sensory experience.

Answer 10

Phi
phenomenon

Question 11

Who worked with Wertheimer on his early
perception experiments and are usually considered
cofounders of Gestalt psychology?

Answer 11

Koffka and Kohler

Question 12

He assumed that forces in the brain distribute themselves
as they do in any physical system (symmetrically and evenly) and that these force fields interact with sensory information to determine conscious experience. He also Founded the school
of Gestalt psychology with his 1912 paper on the phi
phenomenon.

Answer 12

Wertheimer

Question 13

The contention that force fields in the brain determine consciousness.

Answer 13

Psychophysical
isomorphism

Question 14

It is where the brain activity
is always distributed in the most simple, symmetrical, and organized way.

Answer 14

Law of
Prägnanz

Question 15

It refers to
the way we respond to objects or events as the
same even when we experience them under a
wide variety of circumstances.

Answer 15

Perceptual constancy

Question 16

Perceptual principles include;

It causes the elements of perception to be organized into configurations.

Answer 16

Continuity
Proximity
Similarity
Closure

Question 17

They believed that the behavioral (subjective) environment governs behavior.

Answer 17

Gestaltists

Question 18

The Gestaltists viewed learning as a _________.

Answer 18

perceptual
phenomenon

Question 19

According to the Gestaltists, the existence of a problem
creates a _________, or tension,
that persists until the problem is solved.

Answer 19

Psychological disequilibrium

Question 20

The application of a principle
learned in one problem-solving situation to other
similar situations is called _______.

Answer 20

Transposition

Question 21

Learning that involves perceiving
the solution to a problem after a period of cognitive trial
and error.
It is sudden and complete; it allows performance that is smooth and free of errors.

Answer 21

Insightful
learning

Question 22

It involves the understanding
of principles rather than the memorization of facts
or the utilization of formal logic.

Answer 22

Productive thinking

Question 23

Experience activates a brain
activity called a _________, which lasts as
long as an experience lasts.

Answer 23

Memory process

Question 24

According to him, anything influencing a person at a given moment
is a psychological fact, and the totality of psychological facts that exists at the moment constitutes a
person’s life space.

Answer 24

Lewin

Question 25

It is the tendency to remember uncompleted tasks longer than completed ones.

Answer 25

The Zeigarnik effect

Question 26

In this work, Lewin showed that different types of group structures create different Gestalten that influence the performance of group members.

Answer 26

Group dynamics

Question 27

Figure–ground Relationship, the division of the perceptual field into two parts:

Answer 27

Figure & Ground

Question 28

Principles of Perceptual Organization

Answer 28

principle of continuity principle of proximity principle of inclusiveness principle of similarity principle of closure

Question 29

Types of conflicts:

Answer 29

approach-approach conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict approach-avoidance conflict

Question 30

It is a subjective reality according to Koffka.

Answer 30

Behavioral environment

Question 31

The contention that there is a strict one-to-one correspondence between physical stimuli and sensations, in the sense that the same stimulation will always result in the same sensation regardless of circumstances.

Answer 31

Constancy hypothesis

Question 32

The belief that complex mental or behavioral processes are composed of or derived from simple elements and that the best way to understand these processes is first to find the elements of which they are composed.

Answer 32

Elementism

Question 33

He said that mental forms emerge from various sensory experiences and that these forms are different from the sensory elements they comprise.

Answer 33

Ehrenfels

Question 34

Reinforcement that comes from a source other than one’s self

Answer 34

Extrinsic reinforcement

Question 35

That branch of physics that studies how energy distributes itself within physical systems.

Answer 35

Field Theory

Question 36

The type of psychology that studies whole, intact segments of behavior and cognitive experience.

Answer 36

Gestalt psychology

Question 37

The most basic type of perception, consisting of the division of the perceptual field into a figure (that which is attended to) and a ground, which provides the background for the figure.

Answer 37

Figure–ground relationship

Question 38

Those who believe that complex mental or behavioral processes should be studied as such and not divided into their elemental components for analysis.

Answer 38

Holists

Question 39

The self-satisfaction that comes from problem solving or learning something. According to the Gestaltists, this feeling of satisfaction occurs because solving a problem or learning something restores one’s cognitive equilibrium.

Answer 39

Intrinsic reinforcement

Question 40

He said that what we experience consciously is determined by the interaction of sensory information with the categories of thought.

Answer 40

Kant

Question 41

An early Gestaltist who sought to explain human behavior in terms of the totality of influences acting on people rather than in terms of the manifestation of inner essences. He was mainly responsible for applying Gestalt principles to the topics of motivation and group dynamics.

Answer 41

Lewin

Question 42

The totality of the psychological facts that exist in one’s awareness at any given moment.

Answer 42

Life space

Question 43

He observed that some mental experiences are the same even though they are stimulated by a wide range of sensory events.

Answer 43

Mach

Question 44

The remnant of an experience that remains in the brain after an experience has ended.

Answer 44

Memory trace

Question 45

The brain activity caused by the experiencing of an environmental event.

Answer 45

Memory process

Question 46

The attempt to reduce complex phenomena into small units for detailed study. Such an approach is elementistic.

Answer 46

Molecular approach

Question 47

It is the tendency to respond to objects as being the same, even when we experience those objects under a wide variety of circumstances.

Answer 47

Perceptual constancy

Question 48

The study of intact, meaningful, mental phenomena.

Answer 48

Phenomenology

Question 49

It is psychological rather than biological needs.

Answer 49

Quasi needs

Question 50

The consolidation of the enduring or essential features of memories of individual objects or of classes of objects.

Answer 50

Trace system