CHAPTER 10

Question 1

Those features that an organism possesses that allow it to survive and reproduce.

Answer 1

Adaptive features

Question 2

Found that following
Galton’s methods of measuring intelligence often resulted in falsely concluding that deaf and blind children
had low intelligence. Binet attempted to measure directly
the cognitive abilities he thought constituted intelligence.

Answer 2

Binet, Alfred

Question 3

The scale Binet
and Simon devised to directly measure the various cognitive abilities they believed intelligence comprised. The
scale first appeared in 1905 and was revised in 1908 and
in 1911.

Answer 3

Binet–Simon scale of intelligence

Question 4

Claimed that his studies of
identical twins reared together and apart showed intelligence to be largely innate. Evidence suggested that Burt invented his data, and a major scandal ensued.

Answer 4

Burt, Cyril

Question 5

Worked with Galton and developed a strong interest in measuring individual differences. Cattell brought Galton’s methods of intelligence testing to the United States.

Answer 5

Cattell, James McKeen

Question 6

The aspect of intelligence
that, according to Spearman, is largely inherited and coordinates specific intellectual abilities.

Answer 6

General Intelligence (g)

Question 7

A mathematical expression indicating the magnitude of correlation between
two variables.

Answer 7

Coefficient of correlation (r)

Question 8

Systematic variation between two
variables.

Answer 8

Correlation

Question 9

Translated
Binet’s intelligence test into English and used it to test
and classify students with mental retardation. Goddard
was an extreme nativist who recommended that those
with mental deficiencies be sterilized or institutionalized.
As a result of Goddard’s efforts, the number of immigrants allowed into the United States was greatly
reduced.

Answer 9

Goddard, Henry Herbert

Question 10

Rejected
the belief, popular at the time, that women achieve less
than males do because they are intellectually inferior to
males; instead her explanation emphasized differences in
social opportunity. Her career focused on improving the
education of both subnormal and gifted students.

Answer 10

Hollingworth, Leta Stetter

Question 11

The exercises that Binet suggested
for enhancing determination, attention, and discipline.
These procedures would prepare a child for formal
education.

Answer 11

Mental orthopedics

Question 12

A key concept in Darwin’s theory of
evolution. Because more members of a species are born
than environmental resources can support, nature selects
those with characteristics most conducive to survival
under the circumstances, which allows them to reproduce.

Answer 12

Natural selection

Question 13

The use of selective breeding to increase the
general intelligence of the population.

Answer 13

Eugenics

Question 14

A complex statistical technique that
involves analyzing correlations among measurements and
attempting to explain the observed correlations by postulating various influences.

Answer 14

Factor analysis

Question 15

According to Darwin, an organism’s ability to
survive and reproduce.

Answer 15

Fitness

Question 16

A modern extension of
Darwin’s theory to the explanation of human and nonhuman social behavior (also called sociobiology).

Answer 16

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 17

The type of fitness that involves the
survival and perpetuation of copies of one’s genes into
subsequent generations. With this expanded definition of
fitness, one can be fit by helping his or her kin survive
and reproduce as well as by producing one’s own
offspring.

Answer 17

Inclusive Fitness

Question 18

Lamarck’s
contention that adaptive abilities developed during an
organism’s lifetime are passed on to the organism’s
offspring.

Answer 18

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 19

The exercises that Binet suggested
for enhancing determination, attention, and discipline.
These procedures would prepare a child for formal
education.

Answer 19

Mental orthopedics

Question 20

A key concept in Darwin’s theory of
evolution. Because more members of a species are born
than environmental resources can support, nature selects
those with characteristics most conducive to survival
under the circumstances, which allows them to
reproduce.

Answer 20

Natural selection

Question 21

The debate over the
extent to which important attributes are inherited or
learned.

Answer 21

Nature–nurture controversy

Question 22

Devised the formula for
calculating the coefficient of correlation.

Answer 22

Pearson, Karl

Question 23

Collaborated with
Binet to develop the first test designed to directly measure intelligence.

Answer 23

Simon, Theodore

Question 24

Spencer’s contention that, if given
freedom to compete in society, the ablest individuals will
succeed and the weaker ones will fail, and this is as it
should be.

Answer 24

Social Darwinism

Question 25

The tendency for extremes to become less extreme in one’s offspring. For example, the offspring of extremely tall parents tend not to be as tall as the parents.

Answer 25

Regression toward the mean

Question 26

Using an early form of factor analysis, he found that intelligence comprised specific factors (s) and general intelligence (g). He believed the latter to be largely inherited.

Answer 26

Spearman, Charles

Question 27

He is first a follower of Lamarck and then of Darwin. He applied Darwinian principles to society by saying that society should maintain a laissez-faire policy so that the ablest individuals could prevail.

Answer 27

Spencer, Herbert

Question 28

The behavior resulting in pleasurable consequences tends to be repeated and behavior resulting in painful consequences tends not to be.

Answer 28

Spencer–Bain principle

Question 29

Coined the term mental age and suggested the intelligence quotient as a way of quantifying intelligence.

Answer 29

Stern, William

Question 30

Stern’s suggested procedure for quantifying intelligence. This is calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age.

Answer 30

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 31

Proposed that adaptive characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime were inherited by that organism’s offspring. This was the mechanism by which species were transformed.

Answer 31

Lamarck, Jean

Question 32

Economist who wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population", which provided Darwin with the principle he needed to explain the observations that he had made while aboard the Beagle. The principle stated that because more individuals are born than environmental resources can support, there is a struggle for survival and only the fittest survive.

Answer 32

Malthus, Thomas

Question 33

According to Stern, a composite score reflecting all the levels of the Binet–Simon test that a child could successfully pass.

Answer 33

Mental Age

Question 34

The situation that arises when there are more offspring of a species than environmental resources can support.

Answer 34

Struggle for survival

Question 35

Developed a theory of evolution almost identical to Darwin’s, at almost the same time that Darwin developed his theory.

Answer 35

Wallace, Alfred Russell

Question 36

The notion that, in a struggle for limited resources, those organisms with traits conducive to survival under the circumstances will live and reproduce.

Answer 36

Survival of the fittest

Question 37

Suggested that psychology could help in the war effort (World War I) by creating tests that could be used to place recruits according to their abilities and to screen the mentally unfit from military service. The testing program was largely ineffective and was discontinued soon after the war.

Answer 37

Yerkes, Robert M.

Question 38

Revised Binet’s test of intelligence, making it more compatible with U.S. culture. Terman, along with Goddard and Yerkes, was instrumental in creating the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests. He also conducted a longitudinal study of gifted children and found that, contrary to the belief at the time, gifted children tended to become healthy, gifted adults.

Answer 38

Terman, Lewis Madison

Question 39

Influenced by his cousin, Charles Darwin, was keenly interested in the measurement of individual differences. Galton was convinced that intellectual ability is inherited and therefore recommended eugenics, or the selective breeding of humans. He was the first to attempt to systematically measure intelligence, to use a questionnaire to gather data, to use a word-association test, to study mental imagery, to define and use the concepts of correlation and median, and to systematically study twins.

Answer 39

Galton, Francis