CHAPTER 11

Question 1

Carr’s term for a unit of behavior with
three characteristics: a need, an environmental setting,
and a response that satisfies the need.

Answer 1

Adaptive act

Question 2

The term often used to describe
Thorndike’s theory of learning because of its concern with the neural bonds or connections that associate sense
impressions and impulses to action.

Answer 2

Connectionism

Question 3

Formula for Jame’s Self Esteem

Answer 3

Self-esteem=
Success/
Pretensions

Question 4

She made significant contributions
to the study of verbal learning and memory and to selfpsychology. Her many honors included being elected the
first female president of the American Psychological
Association in 1905.

Answer 4

Calkins, Mary Whiton

Question 5

Along with
his colleagues, conducted research that demonstrated the
negative effects of segregation of children. A portion of
this research was cited in the 1954 Supreme Court decision that ended the legal basis for segregated education
in the United States. Clark went on to become the first
African American president of the APA in 1970.

Answer 5

Clark, Kenneth Bancrof

Question 6

He
did much to promote applied psychology

Answer 6

Cattell, James McKeen

Question 7

A key person in the development of functionalism. Some mark the formal beginning of the school of functionalism with the 1896
publication of Dewey’s article “The Reflex Arc Concept
in Psychology.”

Answer 7

Dewey, John

Question 8

According to James, this is the self that consists
of everything a person can call his or her own.

Answer 8

Empirical self

Question 9

The role of consciousness
and behavior in adapting to the environment.

Answer 9

Functionalism

Question 10

Created the first
U.S. experimental psychology laboratory, founded and
became the first president of the American Psychological
Association, and invited Freud to Clark University to
give a series of lectures. Hall thus helped psychoanalysis
receive international recognition. Many of the beliefs
contained in his two-volume book on adolescence are
now considered incorrect. Nonetheless, that work is
currently seen as an important pioneering
effort in educational, child, and adolescent psychology and in
parent education and child welfare programs.

Answer 10

Hall, Granville Stanley

Question 11

An early comparative psychologist who believed that there is a gradation of consciousness among animal species. To infer the
cognitive processes used by various animals, he observed
their naturally occurring behavior.

Answer 11

Morgan, Conwy Lloyd

Question 12

The insistence that explanations of
animal behavior be kept as simple as possible. One
should never attribute higher mental activities to an animal if lower mental activities are adequate to explain its
behavior.

Answer 12

Morgan’s canon

Question 13

Thorndike’s
contention that the extent to which learning transfers
from one situation to another is determined by the similarity between the two situations.

Answer 13

Identical elements theory of transfer

Question 14

According to James,
ideas cause behavior, and thus we can control our behavior by controlling our ideas.

Answer 14

Ideo-motor theory of behavior

Question 15

The belief that usefulness is the best criterion for determining the validity of an idea.

Answer 15

Pragmatism

Question 16

Was instrumental in the
founding of functionalistic psychology. James emphasized the function of both consciousness and behavior.
For him the only valid criterion for evaluating a theory,
thought, or act is whether it works. In keeping with his
pragmatism, he claimed that psychology needs to employ
both scientific and nonscientific procedures. Similarly, on
the individual level, sometimes one must believe in free
will and at other times in determinism.

Answer 16

James, William

Question 17

Hall’s contention that all stages
of human evolution are reflected in the life of an
individual.

Answer 17

Recapitulation theory

Question 18

The theory that
people first respond and then have an emotional experience. For example, we run first, and then we are
frightened. An implication of the theory is that we
should act according to the way we want to feel

Answer 18

James–Lange theory of emotion

Question 19

4 Laws

Answer 19

Law of exercise
Law of effect
Law of use
Law of disuse

Question 20

James’s contention that all consistent categories of human experience are worthy of
study, whether or not they are amenable to the methods
of science.

Answer 20

Radical empiricism

Question 21

Münsterberg’s method of
treating mentally disturbed individuals, whereby he
would strengthen thoughts antagonistic to those causing
a problem.

Answer 21

Reciprocal antagonism

Question 22

According to James, the pure ego that
accounts for a person’s awareness of his or her empirical
self.

Answer 22

Self as Knower

Question 23

Marks the
transition between the schools of functionalism and behaviorism. He concluded from his objective animal research that learning occurs gradually, occurs independent of consciousness, and is the same for all
mammals. His final theory of learning was that practice
alone has no effect on an association (neural bond) and
that positive consequences strengthen an association but
negative consequences do not weaken it.

Answer 23

Thorndike, Edward Lee

Question 24

First woman
to attain a doctorate in psychology and second female
president of the APA (1921). She made significant
contributions to comparative psychology by studying
animal behavior under controlled conditions before inferring the mental attributes necessary to explain the
observed behavior.

Answer 24

Washburn, Margaret Floy

Question 25

Who emphasized the role of motivation in behavior?

Answer 25

Woodworth, Robert Sessions

Question 26

Who invented paired-associate technique

Answer 26

Mary Whiton Calkins