CHAPTER 12

Question 1

Who founded the school of behaviorism?

Answer 1

Watson

Question 2

U.S psychologists insisted that psychology should be defined as

Answer 2

The science of behavior

Question 3

Pavlov saw all behavior, whether
learned or innate, as ______

Answer 3

reflexive

Question 4

The pattern of
the points of excitation and inhibition on the cortex
at any given moment was called the ______

Answer 4

cortical mosaic

Question 5

Watson’s 4 Types of Behavior

Answer 5

explicit (overt) learned behavior
implicit (covert)
learned behavior
explicit unlearned behavior
implicit unlearned behavior

Question 6

Watson’s Four Methods of Studying Behavior

Answer 6

observation
conditioned-reflex method
testing
verbal reports

Question 7

According to McDougall, all organisms, including humans, are born with a number of instincts. These instincts consists of:

Answer 7

Perception
Behavior
Emotion

Question 8

An organism’s susceptibility to experimental
neurosis is determined by what?

Answer 8

The type of nervous system it possesses

Question 9

Conditioned
stimuli act as signals announcing the occurrence of
biologically significant events.

Answer 9

First-Signal System

Question 10

Words that symbolize physical
events

Answer 10

Second-signal System

Question 11

It required no operation, it could be used
easily on humans, it minimized unwanted reactions
from the subject, it could be easily
measured, and satiation was not a problem.

Answer 11

Bechterev’s overt behavior

Question 12

What marks the formal beginning of the school of behaviorism

Answer 12

The publication of his
lecture, “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views
It” in the Psychological Review in 1913.

Question 13

What is the goal of psychology for Watson?

Answer 13

To predict and control behavior by determining how behavior is related to environmental events.

Question 14

Watson accepted only two principles of learning: _____ & ______

Answer 14

Contiguity and frequency

Question 15

Those who accepted internal events such as
consciousness as possible causes of behavior but insisted that any theories about unobservable causes of
behavior be verified by studying overt behavior.

Answer 15

methodological behaviorists.

Question 16

This is when two or more instincts
become associated with a single object or thought.

Answer 16

sentiment

Question 17

Bechterev’s term for what Pavlov
called a conditioned reflex.

Answer 17

Association reflex

Question 18

According to Pavlov, this is the brain activity that leads to overt behavior of some type.

Answer 18

Excitation

Question 19

The neurotic behavior that
Pavlov created in some of his laboratory animals by
bringing excitatory and inhibitory tendencies into
conflict.

Answer 19

Experimental neurosis

Question 20

Like Pavlov, he
looked upon all human behavior as reflexive. However,
he studied skeletal reflexes rather than the glandular reflexes that Pavlov studied.

Answer 20

Bechterev, Vladimir M.

Question 21

The elimination or reduction of a conditioned response (CR) that results when a conditioned
stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the
unconditioned stimulus (US).

Answer 21

Extinction

Question 22

The name given to McDougall’s
version of psychology because of its emphasis on purposive or goal-directed behavior.

Answer 22

Hormic psychology

Question 23

The school of psychology, founded by
Watson, that insisted that behavior be psychology’s subject matter and that psychology’s goal be the prediction
and control of behavior.

Answer 23

Behaviorism

Question 24

The use of learning principles in
treating behavioral or emotional problems.

Answer 24

Behavior therapy

Question 25

A learned reflex.

Answer 25

Conditioned reflex

Question 26

A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 26

Conditioned response

Question 27

A previously biologically neutral stimulus that, through experience, comes to elicit a certain response.

Answer 27

Conditioned stimulus

Question 28

The inhibition of an inhibitory process. It is demonstrated when, after extinction, a loud noise causes the conditioned response to reappear.

Answer 28

Disinhibition

Question 29

The reduction or cessation of activity caused by stimulation, such as when extinction causes a conditioned stimulus to inhibit a conditioned response.

Answer 29

Inhibition

Question 30

Watson’s observation that typically it is the “correct” response that terminates a learning trial and it is this final or most recent response that will be repeated when the organism is next placed in that learning situation.

Answer 30

Law of recency

Question 31

His behaviorism emphasized purposive and instinctive behavior.

Answer 31

McDougall, William

Question 32

The version of behaviorism that accepts the contention that overt behavior should be psychology’s subject matter but is willing to speculate about internal causes of behavior.

Answer 32

Methodological Behaviorism

Question 33

Shared Sechenov’s goal of creating a totally objective psychology. He focused his study on the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli that control behavior and on the physiological processes that they initiate. For him, all human behavior is reflexive.

Answer 33

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich

Question 34

The version of behaviorism that claims only directly observable events, such as stimuli and responses, should constitute the subject matter of psychology.

Answer 34

Radical behaviorism

Question 35

The belief that most, if not all, human behavior is caused by environmental experience.

Answer 35

Radical environmentalism

Question 36

The term Bechterev used to describe his approach to studying humans. The neurological and psychological study of behavior, particularly the reflexive basis of human actions.

Answer 36

Reflexology

Question 37

The father of Russian objective psychology. Sechenov sought to explain all human behavior in terms of stimuli and physiological mechanisms without recourse to metaphysical speculation of any type.

Answer 37

Sechenov, Ivan M.

Question 38

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a delay following extinction.

Answer 38

Spontaneous recovery

Question 39

The automatic orienting response that Loeb studied in plants and animals

Answer 39

Tropism

Question 40

The founder of behaviorism who established psychology’s goal as the prediction and control of behavior. In his final position, he denied the existence of mental events and concluded that instincts play no role in human behavior. On the mind-body problem, Watson finally became a physical monist, believing that thought is nothing but implicit muscle movement.

Answer 40

Watson, John Broadus

Question 41

What is behaviorism?

Answer 41

The study of observable behaviors over internal mental processes.