CHAPTER 13

Question 1

For them, theorizing about unobservable entities was allowed,
provided those entities were directly linked to observable events via operational definitions.

Answer 1

Logical positivist

Question 2

It defines abstract concepts in
terms of the procedures used to measure those concepts.

Answer 2

Operational definitions

Question 3

The belief that all scientific concepts are operationally defined.

Answer 3

Operationism

Question 4

The belief that all sciences should share common assumptions, principles, and methodologies
and should model themselves after physics.

Answer 4

Physicalism

Question 5

He introduced intervening
variables into psychology. Instead of studying reflexive, or molecular, behavior, he studied purposive, or molar, behavior.

Answer 5

Tolman

Question 6

Tolman’s version of
psychology was called

Answer 6

Purposive behaviorism

Question 7

He developed an
open-ended, self-correcting, hypothetico-deductive
theory of learning.

Answer 7

Hull

Question 8

A specific response made to a specific
pattern of stimuli. It is the association between a
movement and a pattern of stimuli that is learned
in one trial.

Answer 8

Movement

Question 9

A movement that has become
associated with a number of stimuli patterns.

Answer 9

Act

Question 10

According to Guthrie, “________” is
a mechanical arrangement that prevents unlearning.

Answer 10

Reinforcement

Question 11

It can be broken by causing a response, other than the undesirable one, to be made in the presence of the stimuli that previously elicited the undesirable response.

Answer 11

Bad habits

Question 12

Drives, according to Guthrie, is ______

Answer 12

Maintaining stimuli

Question 13

Stimulus elicits

Answer 13

Respondent behavior

Question 14

Organism
emits

Answer 14

Operant behavior

Question 15

For Skinner, what is reinforcement?

Answer 15

Anything that changes the rate or probability of a
response.

Question 16

Name some Radical behaviorists

RD stressed environmental influences on behavior to the exclusion
of mental events and physiological states.

Answer 16

Watson and Skinner

Question 17

Name some Methodological
behaviorists

> > theorizes
about internal causes of behavior.

Answer 17

Tolman, Hull, and Guthrie

Question 18

Behavior that is reinforced is strengthened, but behavior that is punished is not
necessarily weakened.

Answer 18

Skinnerian psychology

Question 19

No matter what type of behavior is under
consideration, the rule is always the same:

Answer 19

Change
reinforcement contingencies and you change
behavior.

Question 20

The use of learning principles to
treat emotional or behavioral disorders.

Answer 20

Behavior therapy

Question 21

According to Tolman, an expectation that experience has consistently confirmed.

Answer 21

Belief

Question 22

The mental representation of the environment.

Answer 22

Cognitive map

Question 23

The verification
of a hypothesis, expectancy, or belief.

Answer 23

Confirmation

Question 24

Behaviorism that is positivistic in that it describes relationships between environmental events and behavior rather than attempting to
explain those relationships. Skinner’s approach to psychology exemplified descriptive behaviorism.

Answer 24

Descriptive Behaviorism

Question 25

The type of behaviorism Tolman pursued, which emphasizes molar rather than molecular behavior.

Answer 25

Purposive behaviorism

Question 26

A small segment of behavior such as a reflex or a habit that is isolated for study.

Answer 26

Molecular behavior

Question 27

Behavior that is directed toward some goal and that terminates when the goal is attained.

Answer 27

Purposive behavior

Question 28

Behavior that is elicited by a known stimulus.

Answer 28

Respondent behavior

Question 29

Hull’s proposed mechanism of reinforcement. For Hull anything that reduces a drive is reinforcing.

Answer 29

Drive reduction

Question 30

Skinner’s approach to research that involves studying the systematic relationship between behavioral and environmental events. Such study focuses on the relationship between reinforcement contingencies and response rate or response probability.

Answer 30

Function analysis

Question 31

For Hull, the strength of an association between a stimulus and response. This strength depends on the number of reinforced pairings between the two. (sHr)

Answer 31

Habit Strength

Question 32

A hypothesis that has been tentatively confirmed.

Answer 32

Expectancy

Question 33

An expectancy that occurs during the early stages of learning.

Answer 33

Hypothesis

Question 34

The translation of learning into behavior.

Answer 34

Performance

Question 35

A set of postulates from which empirical relationships are deduced (predicted). If the empirical relationships are as predicted, the theory gains strength; if not, the theory loses strength and must be revised or abandoned.

Answer 35

Hypothetico-deductive Theory

Question 36

The type of conditioning studied by Thorndike, wherein an organism learns to make a response that is instrumental in producing reinforcement.

Answer 36

Instrumental conditioning

Question 37

Events believed to occur between environmental and behavioral events. Although it cannot be observed directly, they are thought to be causally related to behavior. Hull’s habit strength and Tolman’s cognitive map are examples of this.

Answer 37

Intervening variables

Question 38

The finding that animals who passively experience a goal box no longer containing reinforcement extinguish a previously learned response to that goal box significantly faster than animals without such experience.

Answer 38

Latent extinction

Question 39

Learning that has occurred but is not translated into behavior.

Answer 39

Latent learning

Question 40

Guthrie’s one law of learning, which states that when a pattern of stimuli is experienced along with a response, the two become associated. In 1959, “What is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done.”

Answer 40

Law of contiguity

Question 41

The philosophy of science according to which theoretical concepts are admissible if they are tied to the observable world through operational definitions.

Answer 41

Logical positivism

Question 42

The belief that all abstract scientific concepts should be operationally defined.

Answer 42

Operationism

Question 43

Agreed with older forms of behaviorism that overt behavior should be psychology’s subject matter but disagreed that theoretical speculation concerning abstract entities must be avoided.

Answer 43

Neobehaviorism

Question 44

Guthrie’s contention that the association between a pattern of stimuli and a response develops at full strength after just one pairing of the two.

Answer 44

On-trial Learning

Question 45

According to logical positivism, those terms that are employed to explain empirical observations.

Answer 45

Theoretical terms (rationalism)

Question 46

According to logical positivism, terms that refer to empirical events.

Answer 46

Observational terms (empiricism)

Question 47

A belief growing out of logical positivism that all sciences should share common assumptions, principles, and methodologies and should model themselves after physics.

Answer 47

Physicalism

Question 48

The belief that science should study only those objects or events that can be experienced directly. That is, all speculation about abstract entities should be avoided.

Answer 48

Positivism

Question 49

For Hull, the probability of a learned response being elicited in a given situation. This probability is a function of the amount of drive and habit strength present. (sEr)

Answer 49

Reaction potential

Question 50

The type of psychology insisting that environmental stimuli elicit most, if not all, behavior

Answer 50

S-R Psychology

Question 51

An arrangement within institutions whereby desirable behavior is strengthened using valuable tokens as reinforcers.

Answer 51

Token economics

Question 52

Accepted the law of contiguity but not the law of frequency. For him, learning occurs at full strength after just one association between a pattern of stimuli and a response.

Answer 52

Guthrie, Edwin Ray

Question 53

Formulated a complex hypothetico-deductive theory in an attempt to explain all learning phenomena.

Answer 53

Hull

Question 54

A behaviorist who believed that psychology should study the functional relationship between environmental events, such as reinforcement contingencies, and behavior. Skinner’s work exemplified positivism.

Answer 54

Skinner, Burrhus Frederic

Question 55

Created a brand of behaviorism that used mental constructs and emphasized purposive behavior. Although Tolman employed many intervening variables, his most important was the cognitive map.

Answer 55

Tolman, Edward

Question 56

Created a brand of behaviorism that used mental constructs and emphasized purposive behavior. Although Tolman employed many intervening variables, his most important was the cognitive map.

Answer 56

Tolman, Edward

Question 57

Logical positivism divided science into two major parts: the ______ and the ______.

Answer 57

Empirical, theoretical

Question 58

S–R reflexes

Answer 58

Molecular behavior

Question 59

A simplified diagram of Tolman’s approach:

Answer 59

Independent Variables (Environmental Events) >>> Intervening Variables (Theoretical Concepts) >>> Dependent Variables (Behavior)

Question 60

Reaction Potential (SER) formula by Hull:

Answer 60

sEr= sHr × D