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BIO 2600 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of mitochondria

A

contain own DNA and ribosomes
can change shape and position in cell, depending on where needed most

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2
Q

where are most mitochondria expected to be located

A

where ATP is needed for movement
(near contractile apparatus in heart muscle cells, near the tail in sperm)

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3
Q

which mitochondrial membrane is more permeable

A

OMM, contains transport proteins, porins, making intermembrane space very similar to the cytosol

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4
Q

IMM permeability

A

not permeable to ions and small molecules unless by specific transporter

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5
Q

what is the purpose of the folding of the IMM

A

more surface area for ETC proteins

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6
Q

what are the electron carriers that carry high-energy electrons from glucose to the ETC

A

NADH and FADH2

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7
Q

what is the etc

A

respiratory chain of 3 large enzyme complexes in the IMM, facilitates transfer of high energy e- from NADH to O2 while pumping protons into the intermembrane space

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8
Q

final e- acceptor of ETC

A

O2

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9
Q

chemiosmotic coupling

A

process of proton gradient across membrane drives ATP synthesis
allows cells to harness electron transfer energy

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10
Q

DNP/Thermogenin effects

A

physical disruption of the IMM, uncouples proton gradient/ATP synthase and causes energy to be lost as heat
thermogenin naturally occurs in brown fat tissue and generates heat (keeps babies warm)

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11
Q

how does DNP work

A

decouples H+ gradient and ATP synthesis by making IMM more permeable to H+
H+ flows back into matrix without producing ATP

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12
Q

consequences of DNP

A

excessive weight loss and high heat generation

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13
Q

difference between brown and white adipocyte

A

brown: lots of small spots
white: one big spot

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14
Q

NADH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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15
Q

oxidation of NADH

A

hydride ion is removed and converted to proton and 2e-

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16
Q

three respiratory enzyme complexes in ETC

A

NADH dehydrogenase complex
(passed via ubiquinone)
cytochrome c reductase
(passed via cytochrome c)
cytochrome c oxidase

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17
Q

which respiratory enzyme complexes pump H+ across membrane into intermembrane space

A

all 3 of them

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18
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis which consumes O2 and forms ATP
requires 4e- from NADH to covert O2 to 2H2O

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19
Q

balanced equation of nadh tranferring e- to water

A

2NADH + O2 + 2H+ -> 2NAD+ + 2H2O

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20
Q

high energy bonds in ATP

A

two outermost phosphate groups held by phosphoanhydride bonds - hydrolysis of the terminal phosphates generates energy to drive unfavorable rxns

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21
Q

why does FADH2 produce less energy than NADH

A

starts with e- at a slightly lower energy level and passes them directly to ubiquinone (bypass NADH dehydrogenase complex)

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22
Q

forces that push H+ down its electrochemical gradient

A

large membrane potential force (delta V)
smaller concentration gradient force (delta pH)
both work together to create steep electrochemical gradient pushing H+ back into the matrix

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23
Q

ATP Synthase F1 portion

A

head portion, located in matrix, contains binding sites for ADP and Pi, changes conformation to force together and convert ADP +Pi into ATP

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24
Q

ATP synthase F0 portion

A

within IMM, H+ carrier that rotates as H+ passes through and induces conformational change in the head portion
3ATP per revolution

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25
Q

reversal of ATP synthase

A

can use ATP hydrolysis to pump H+ against electrochemical gradient
depends on the strength of H+ gradient

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26
Q

other uses for H+ gradient

A

transport small molecules across mitochondrial membrane
voltage gradient drives pumping of ADP into matrix and ATP out of matrix (antiports)
pH gradient drives import of pyruvate and Pi into matrix (symports)

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27
Q

Redox potentials

A

measure of electron affinity
low redox pot = low e- affinity

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28
Q

how do e- move between redox potentials

A

low redox pot to high

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29
Q

redox potential of NADH/NAD+ vs O2/H2O

A

NADH has low redox potential compared to O2 very high redox potential

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30
Q

flavin

A

tightly bound to NADH dehydrogenase complex
receives e- from NADH

31
Q

iron sulfur center

A

tightly bound to NADH dehydrogenase complex
donates e- to ubiquinone

32
Q

ubiquinone (coenzyme-Q or Co-Q)

A

small hydrophobic non-protein molecule within IMM
carries e- within lipid bilayer

33
Q

cytochromes

A

proteins with one or more heme groups
heme groups contain e- binding iron atom
greater affinity for e- than other carriers

34
Q

cytochrome c oxidase complex

A

13 dif proteins
receives e- from cytochrome c and catalyzes reduction of O2 (pumps 4H+ across membrane in process)
binds tightly to superoxide radicals (O2-) until they find H+

35
Q

O2 reduction equation

A

4e- + 4H+ + O2 -> 2H2O

36
Q

effects of free superoxide radicals (O2-)

A

will grab another 3e- from anywhere
oxidative damage to DNA/cells if accumulate
associated with aging

37
Q

cyanide poison function

A

binds cytochrome c oxidase and halts e- transport to O2 and ATP synthesis

38
Q

function of NADH and ctyochrome c oxidase as proton pumps

A

3 conformations: A, B, and C
high affinity in A and B - pick up H+ on matrix side and hold tightly
low affinity in C - release H+ to intermembrane space
energy input to switch from B to C - provided by e- transfer

39
Q

photosynthesis

A

series of light-driven reactions that use CO2 to make organic molecules (sugars) and releases O2

40
Q

true or false: both photosynthesis and cellular respiration use an electron transport chain to make a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis

41
Q

what energy is harnessed to create proton gradient in chloroplasts

42
Q

where does ox. phosph. occur in bacteria and archaea

A

plasma membrane

43
Q

Stage 1 photosynthesis

A

light capturing machinery in the thylakoid membrane produces ATP and NADPH which are then transferred to the stroma

44
Q

Stage 2 photosynthesis

A

carbon fixation of CO2 to sugars using ATP and NADPH from Stage 1

45
Q

which stage of photosynthesis resembles oxidative phosphorylation

A

stage 1; ETC in thylakoid membrane harnesses electron transport to pump H+ across membrane to thylakoid space to drive ATP synthase

46
Q

what is the final e- acceptor of Stage 1 of photosynthesis

A

NADP+ / NADPH

47
Q

where does the high energy e- come from for stage 1 of photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll special pair that has absorbed light energy excites the electron and passes it on; replenished by water

48
Q

Stage 2 of photosynthesis, and products

A

ATP and NADPH from stage 1 used to convert CO2 to sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P))

49
Q

where does stage 2 of photosynthesis occur

50
Q

which stage of photosynthesis requires light

A

stage 1 requires; stage 2 can happen in light or dark

51
Q

what happens to the 3 carbon sugar (G3P) produced from the calvin cycle

A

exported out of chloroplast into cytosol for cell to make more complex sugars like glucose
OR stored as starches within the stroma

52
Q

where do the light reactions occur in photosynthesis

A

thylakoid membrane

53
Q

which stage of photosynthesis requires water

A

stage 1; electrons in chlorophyll replenished by oxidation of H2O to O2

54
Q

can the chloroplast export the ATP produced in light rxns

A

no, inner membrane of chloroplast is impermeable to ATP

55
Q

photosystems

A

multiprotein complexes that hold chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membrane

56
Q

reaction center

A

part of the photosystem that holds special pair of chlorophyll that traps high energy light and transfers as chemical energy in form of e-

57
Q

antenna complexes

A

part of the photosystem that absorbs light energy, high energy light transfers between chlorophyll molecules until reaches special pair

58
Q

structure of chlorophyll

A

hydrophobic tail and light-absorbing porphyrin ring

59
Q

charge-separated state

A

high energy electrons transferred from the special pair to mobile carrier, making carrier negative and special pair positive

60
Q

how is the charge-separated state restored to neutral charges

A

special pair electron replaced by oxidation of water, and mobile carrier delivers high energy electron to ETC

61
Q

water-splitting enzyme located where and function

A

photosystem 2
catalyzes extraction of electrons from water

62
Q

functions of photosystems I and II

A

1 produces proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis (photophosphorylation)
2 catalyzes the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH

63
Q

where does photosystem 1 replenish its electrons from

A

electrons from photosystem 2 chain

64
Q

Calvin cycle

A

uses ATP and NADPH from light rxns to produce sugar from CO2 and water

65
Q

enzyme used to catalyze calvin cycle

A

Rubisco (highly inefficient)

66
Q

how does the chloroplast overcome the extreme inefficiency of Rubisco

A

highly concentrate substrate ribulose 1,5-biphosphate

67
Q

3 steps in the calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation
sugar formation
regeneration

68
Q

carbon fixation step in calvin cycle

A

combines CO2 with 5 carbon RuBP to make 6 carbon compound that is split into 2 3-carbon molecules, catalyzed by Rubisco

69
Q

sugar formation step in calvin cycle

A

ATP and NADPH used to convert 3 carbon molecules to G3P (or pGAL)

70
Q

regeneration step of calvin cycle

A

some G3P exported, while some used to regenerate RuBP, requires ATP

71
Q

how much CO2 required to export one G3P

A

3 (Calvin cycle runs 3x)

72
Q

how much ATP and NADPH used to generate one G3P

A

9 ATP and 6NADPH

73
Q

how many ATPs, CO2, and NADPH are consumes to make one molecule of glucose

A

18 ATP, 6CO2, 12 NADPH

74
Q

3 stages of ox. phosph. evolution

A

stage 1: evolution of ATPase that pumped protons out of cell using ATP hydrolysis
Stage 2: evolution of dif. proton pump driven by electron transport chain
Stage 3: link of two systems generated ATP synthase that uses protons pumped by ETC to synthesize ATP

BIO 2600 (15 decks)

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