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BIO 2600 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of the cell membrane

A

receiving information, import/export of small molecules, capacity for movement and expansion

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2
Q

Basic structure of the membrane and function

A

Lipid bilayer; serves as a permeability barrier to most water soluble molecules

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3
Q

which formation of phospholipids is energetically favorable

A

sealed compartments of bilayer membrane

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4
Q

fatty acid structure

A

carboxyl group attached to hydrocarbon tail

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5
Q

phospholipid structure

A

two fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol, which is attached to a phosphate group and a hydrophilic group

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6
Q

which functional group does a hydrocarbon chain need to have to be a fatty acid

A

carboxyl group (fatty acids are carboxylic acids)

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7
Q

triglyceride polarity

A

completely nonpolar; hydrophobic; only found in lipid droplets

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8
Q

lipase function

A

breaks TG into glycerol and fatty acids

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9
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds between C atoms, straight line

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10
Q

monounsaturated fatty acids

A

1 double bonds between C atoms; causes kink

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11
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

2 or more double bonds between C atoms

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12
Q

fatty acid categorization (X:X)

A

(Carbons: Double Bonds)

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13
Q

what type of hydrocarbon chains are more rigid

A

saturated (pack tightly) and longer

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14
Q

what type of hydrocarbon chain is more fluid

A

unsaturated (less packed) and shorter

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15
Q

at a higher temp, mb fluidity is high– to reduce membrane fluidity . . .

A

longer and more saturated hydrocarbon chains

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16
Q

cholesterol impact on mb fluidity

A

acts as a buffer; increases fluidity in cold temps, decreases fluidity in warm temps

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17
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

transporters and channels, anchors, receptors, and enzymes

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18
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

directly attached to lipid bilayer, only removable by disrupting membrane (transmembrane, monolayer associated, lipid-linked)

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19
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

attached to integral membrane proteins, can be removed without disrupting membrane bilayer

20
Q

transmembrane protein

A

amphipathic; extend through bilayer; single pass or multi-pass; alpha helices or beta barrel

21
Q

amphipathic helix in a multi-pass membrane protein/monolayer associated protein

A

hydrophilic side chains on one side of helix, hydrophobic on opposite side

22
Q

multipass membrane channel structure

A

alpha helices in rings with hydrophilic side chains pointing in and hydrophobic side chains facing membrane. (act as channels for small hydrophilic molecules)

23
Q

are alpha helices and beta sheets motifs or domains

A

motifs

24
Q

alpha helices form hydrogen bonds within one peptide backbone with amino acids that are ____ amino acids away

A

4

25
Q

beta sheets form hydrogen bonds between amino aicds _______

A

of adjacent peptide backbones

26
Q

beta barrels are found in what type of protein

A

porin proteins (water filled pores in mitochondrial and bacterial outer membranes)

27
Q

beta barrel structure and function

A

16-stranded beta-sheet in its tertiary structure; hydrophobic side chains on the outside, hydrophilic on the inside
allow small nutrients and inorganic ions across membranes

28
Q

cell cortex structure

A

meshwork of fibrous proteins that is attached to cytosolic surface of membrane via anchor proteins

29
Q

cell cortex function

A

determines shape and mechanical properties of the cell/PM

30
Q

cortex is made largely of what protein

A

spectrin; consists of actin filaments as well; connected to PM by spectrin/transmembrane protein interaction

31
Q

which part of the bilayer are glycolipids mainly found

A

non-cytosolic

32
Q

where do glycolipids acquire their sugar groups

A

golgi

33
Q

what is the glycocalyx composed of

A

sugars attached to both lipids and proteins in the extracellular surface of the PM

34
Q

glycocalyx function

A

absorbs water, slimy surface, prevents blood cells sticking to one another/blood vessel walls, cell-cel recognition, motility

35
Q

oligosaccharides on glycolipids and glycoproteins of neutrophils function

A

“ID tags” recognized by lectins of endothelial cells lining the blood vessels at infection site, allowing neutrophils through the tissue into infection site

36
Q

new phospholipids are produced by what

A

enzymes bound to the cytosolic half of the ER membrane; causing curvature by addition of phospholipids only to cytosolic half

37
Q

scramblase function

A

proteins that randomly transfer phospholipids from one monolayer to another, allow symmetric membrane growth
NONSPECIFIC, BIDIRECTIONAL, NO ENERGY required

38
Q

flippases

A

enzymes in golgi membrane that remove specific phospholipids from the non-cytosolic side and flip to cytosolic side, making membrane asymmetrical
ENERGY REQUIRED

39
Q

when vesicles form from an organelle and merge with the PM, how does the orientation of the bilayers change?

A

It doesn’t, cytosolic side remains cytosolic

40
Q

how do cells contain proteins in specialized membrane domains on the surface of cells/organelles

A

anchor to cell cortex
anchor to ECM
surface proteins of 2 cells anchor each other
diffusion barrier restricts diffusion of proteins to certain side of cell

41
Q

example of a lateral diffusion barrier

A

cells in the intestine have a side that uptake nutrients, and a side that exports solutes into the bloodstream
apical membrane proteins (uptake) are prevented from crossing to basal domain and vice versa by a tight junction

42
Q

FRAP

A

used to measure the rate of lateral diffusion of membrane proteins

43
Q

FRAP steps

A

fluorescently labeled (GFP) membrane proteins bleached in small area
fluorescent intensity recovers as unbleached proteins diffuse into area
rate of “fluorescent recovery” is direct measure of rate of lateral diffusion in the membrane

44
Q

detergents

A

small amphipathic lipid-like molecules that from phospholipids by only have one tail

45
Q

how do detergents work

A

single tail allows them to squeeze into membranes and aggregate into micelles trapping and separating lipids

46
Q

how are detergents used to solubilize and reconstitute membrane proteins

A

detergent added to membrane solution, which solubilizes proteins and creates lipid-detergent micelles
protein of interest separated from solution
addition of pure phospholipids/detergent micelles creates protein/artificial bilayer complex

BIO 2600 (15 decks)

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