Chapter 1/2 Flashcards
building blocks of polysaccharides, glycogen, and starch (plants)
sugars
building blocks of fats and membrane lipids
fatty acids
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
monosaccharides are joined together by ________________ to form polysaccharides
glycosidic linkages
sugars purpose
production and storage of energy, structure in plants (cellulose)
fatty acid structure
hydrocarbon tail and carboxylic acid (COOH) head; completely hydrophobic
nucleotides are held together by
phosphodiester bonds
amino acids are held together by
peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of neighboring amino acids
what does it mean that life is an autocatalytic cycle
proteins are assembled by the translation of DNA, which is read by proteins…etc
central dogma
in all living cells, information flows DNA to RNA (transcription), RNA to proteins (translation)
what are some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic: membrane bound organelles, such as nucleus
prokaryotic: cell wall, 2 plasma membranes
all organelles are physically connected by proteins called ________, which facilitate
tethers; local transport of small molecules and ions such as lipids and calcium
name for fat cell; appearance
adipocyte, large white lipid droplet
name for liver cell; appearance
hepatocyte; lots of interwoven membranes e.g. endo reticulum
nerve cell name; appearance
astrocyte; long spindly dendrites from relatively small body
organelles with 2 lipid bilayers
nucleus and mitochondria
nucleus
contains chromatin and nucelolus (where rRNA is made and combined with proteins to form ribosomal subunits)
ribosome
protein synthesis machinery
made of large and small subunits composed of rRNAs and proteins
Rough ER
synthesis and modifications of proteins appears rough due to ribosomes
contains chaperons (help folding process)
smooth ER
synthesis of lipids, lipid droplets
store Ca2+ in muscles
detoxification of drugs/poison in liver
lipid droplets
fat storage synthesized in smooth ER
enzymes in ER convert fatty acids to triacylglycerides (TAG)
single layer membrane
golgi apparatus
package, distribute, modify molecules from ER
cis face faces ER
trans face faces cell membrane
lysosomes
membrane bound organelles
contain digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules or foreign cells or old/damaged organelles
signaling platforms
which organelle is not part of the endomembrane system
mitochondria
ER-mitochondria contact sites are important for _________
phospholipid synthesis
why do mitochondria have cristae membranes within the organelle
more surface area = more efficient
endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria
mitochondria originated from aerobic bacteria that were engulfed and retained in eukaryotic cell
peroxisomes
contains enzymes that oxidize certain molecules like fatty acids and amino acids
produces hydrogen peroxide
dense protein matrix inside
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers
actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments
for shape, location, and movement
extracellular matrix (ECM)
organizes cells in tissues, supports PM, communicates w/ cytoskeleton
composed of fibrous proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans
wavelength and resolution relation
inversely; smaller wavelength=higher resolution
benefits and limitations of light microscopy
can look at live cells
resolution min of 0.2um
benefits and limitations of electron microscopy
very high resolution
no live samples, shape not movement
benefits and limitations of fluorescence microscopy
can look at movement/dynamic processes in living cells, more than 1 thing at once (colabeling with dif colors)
cannot be used over long period of tie due to photobleaching
confocal microscopy
specialized fluorescent microscopy that decreases photobleaching
illuminates only a certain part of cell
super-resolution microscopy
mainly computational improvement; take lots of blinking fluorescent photos and combine
model prokaryote for studying DNA replication, transcription, translation
E. coli
model eukaryote to study basic cell division
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast)
model plant to study genetics, molecular biology, flowering plants
Arabidopsis thaliana
model organism for developmental biology and geneticists
Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly
animals used as model organisms
nematode worm (C. elegans) for organs
zebrafish, for vertebrate development
mice, for mammalian genetics, immunology, development, cell biology
good qualities for model organisms
short reproduction time
short life span
genetic manipulation
amenable to imaging
nonpathogenic
similarity with the organism studied
gene conservation
high gene similarity
