Chapter 1/2

Question 1

building blocks of polysaccharides, glycogen, and starch (plants)

Answer 1

sugars

Question 2

building blocks of fats and membrane lipids

Answer 2

fatty acids

Question 3

building blocks of proteins

Answer 3

amino acids

Question 4

building blocks of nucleic acids

Answer 4

nucleotides

Question 5

monosaccharides are joined together by ________________ to form polysaccharides

Answer 5

glycosidic linkages

Question 6

sugars purpose

Answer 6

production and storage of energy, structure in plants (cellulose)

Question 7

fatty acid structure

Answer 7

hydrocarbon tail and carboxylic acid (COOH) head; completely hydrophobic

Question 8

nucleotides are held together by

Answer 8

phosphodiester bonds

Question 9

amino acids are held together by

Answer 9

peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of neighboring amino acids

Question 10

what does it mean that life is an autocatalytic cycle

Answer 10

proteins are assembled by the translation of DNA, which is read by proteins…etc

Question 11

central dogma

Answer 11

in all living cells, information flows DNA to RNA (transcription), RNA to proteins (translation)

Question 12

what are some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 12

eukaryotic: membrane bound organelles, such as nucleus
prokaryotic: cell wall, 2 plasma membranes

Question 13

all organelles are physically connected by proteins called ________, which facilitate

Answer 13

tethers; local transport of small molecules and ions such as lipids and calcium

Question 14

name for fat cell; appearance

Answer 14

adipocyte, large white lipid droplet

Question 15

name for liver cell; appearance

Answer 15

hepatocyte; lots of interwoven membranes e.g. endo reticulum

Question 16

nerve cell name; appearance

Answer 16

astrocyte; long spindly dendrites from relatively small body

Question 17

organelles with 2 lipid bilayers

Answer 17

nucleus and mitochondria

Question 18

nucleus

Answer 18

contains chromatin and nucelolus (where rRNA is made and combined with proteins to form ribosomal subunits)

Question 19

ribosome

Answer 19

protein synthesis machinery
made of large and small subunits composed of rRNAs and proteins

Question 20

Rough ER

Answer 20

synthesis and modifications of proteins appears rough due to ribosomes
contains chaperons (help folding process)

Question 21

smooth ER

Answer 21

synthesis of lipids, lipid droplets
store Ca2+ in muscles
detoxification of drugs/poison in liver

Question 22

lipid droplets

Answer 22

fat storage synthesized in smooth ER
enzymes in ER convert fatty acids to triacylglycerides (TAG)
single layer membrane

Question 23

golgi apparatus

Answer 23

package, distribute, modify molecules from ER
cis face faces ER
trans face faces cell membrane

Question 24

lysosomes

Answer 24

membrane bound organelles
contain digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules or foreign cells or old/damaged organelles
signaling platforms

Question 25

which organelle is not part of the endomembrane system

Answer 25

mitochondria

Question 26

ER-mitochondria contact sites are important for _________

Answer 26

phospholipid synthesis

Question 27

why do mitochondria have cristae membranes within the organelle

Answer 27

more surface area = more efficient

Question 28

endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria

Answer 28

mitochondria originated from aerobic bacteria that were engulfed and retained in eukaryotic cell

Question 29

peroxisomes

Answer 29

contains enzymes that oxidize certain molecules like fatty acids and amino acids
produces hydrogen peroxide
dense protein matrix inside

Question 30

cytoskeleton

Answer 30

network of protein fibers
actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments
for shape, location, and movement

Question 31

extracellular matrix (ECM)

Answer 31

organizes cells in tissues, supports PM, communicates w/ cytoskeleton
composed of fibrous proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans

Question 32

wavelength and resolution relation

Answer 32

inversely; smaller wavelength=higher resolution

Question 33

benefits and limitations of light microscopy

Answer 33

can look at live cells
resolution min of 0.2um

Question 34

benefits and limitations of electron microscopy

Answer 34

very high resolution
no live samples, shape not movement

Question 35

benefits and limitations of fluorescence microscopy

Answer 35

can look at movement/dynamic processes in living cells, more than 1 thing at once (colabeling with dif colors)
cannot be used over long period of tie due to photobleaching

Question 36

confocal microscopy

Answer 36

specialized fluorescent microscopy that decreases photobleaching
illuminates only a certain part of cell

Question 37

super-resolution microscopy

Answer 37

mainly computational improvement; take lots of blinking fluorescent photos and combine

Question 38

model prokaryote for studying DNA replication, transcription, translation

Answer 38

E. coli

Question 39

model eukaryote to study basic cell division

Answer 39

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast)

Question 40

model plant to study genetics, molecular biology, flowering plants

Answer 40

Arabidopsis thaliana

Question 41

model organism for developmental biology and geneticists

Answer 41

Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly

Question 42

animals used as model organisms

Answer 42

nematode worm (C. elegans) for organs
zebrafish, for vertebrate development
mice, for mammalian genetics, immunology, development, cell biology

Question 43

good qualities for model organisms

Answer 43

short reproduction time
short life span
genetic manipulation
amenable to imaging
nonpathogenic
similarity with the organism studied

Question 44

gene conservation

Answer 44

high gene similarity