Chapter 13: The Endocrine System & Flashcards
acr/o
extremities, top extreme point
adren/o
adrenal glands
crin/o
secrete
-dipsia
thirst
glyc/o
glucose, sugar
gonad/o
gonad, sex glands
-ism
condition, state of
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
pineal/o
pineal gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
poly-
many
somat/o
body
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
stimulates secretion of estrogen and growth of ova in female ovaries
follicle-stimulating hormone
regulates growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
growth hormone
stimulates ovulation and secretion of testosterone
luteinizing hormone
secreted by the hypothalamus and helps control blood pressure by reducing amount of water excreted through the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
oxytocin
controls metabolic rate
thyroxine
works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels by moving calcium into bones for storage
calcitonin
stimulates maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
thymosin
basic form of energy for the body
glucose
secreted by alpha cells in response to low blood sugar
glucagon
secreted by beta-cells in response to high glucose levels
insulin
steroid hormones
corticosteroids
stimulates sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or mental stress
epinephrine
released as a hormone by adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by sympathetic nervous system
norepinephrine
aids in the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of menstrual cycle
estrogen
released during second half of menstrual cycle
progesterone
steroid hormone secreted by the testes
testosterone
protein hormone involved in appetite regulation
leptin
abnormal enlargement of hands/feet due to excess secretion of growth hormone after puberty
acromegaly
abnormal growth of entire body caused by excess of growth hormone before puberty
gigantism
benign tumor in the pituitary gland
prolactinoma
slow-growing benign tumor in the pituitary gland
pituitary adenoma
insufficient production of ADH or inability of kidneys to respond
diabetes insipidus
autoimmune disease where antibodies attack thyroid gland
Hashimoto’s disease
congenital form of hypothyroidism
cretinism
extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion
myxedema
immune system attacks thyroid gland stimulating production of excessive amounts of thyroid hormone
graves’ disease
abnormal protrusion of eyeball out of orbit
exophthalmos
inflammation of pancreas often due to long-term alcohol abuse
pancreatitis
benign tumor causing hypoglycemia by secreting excess insulin
insulinoma
low blood sugar
hypoglycemia
high blood sugar
hypoglycemia
most common endocrine system disease
metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in the production of insulin or inability to use it properly
diabetes mellitus
type 2 diabetes that develops during pregnancy
gestational
diabetes complication that causes damage to blood vessels in retina
diabetic retinopathy
insufficient production of insulin to convert glucose to energy
ketosis
not enough cortisol or aldosterone
Addison’s disease
inflammation of adrenal glands
adrenalitis
electrolyte imbalance due to excessive aldosterone
aldosteronism
prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
Cushing’s syndrome
excessive mammary gland development in males
gynecomastia
administration of oral radioactive iodine to measure thyroid function
radioactive iodine uptake test
measure glucose levels over previous 3 weeks
fructosamine test
removal of 1 or more parathyroid gland
parathyroidectomy
removal of thymus
thymectomy
removal of all or part of the pancreas
pancreatectomy
removal of 1 or all adrenal glands
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action
cortisol
a life-threatening diabetes complication caused by a build up of acids (ketones) in the blood
diabetic ketoacidosis
mineral substances normally found in blood and other bodily fluids
electrolytes
abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in blood instead of being stored in bones and teeth
hypercalcemia
excessive secretion of insulin in bloodstream
hyperinsulinism
excess secretion of growth hormone that causes both acromegaly and gigantism
hyperpituitarism
excessive thirst
polydipsia
excessive hunger
polyphagia
polyuria
excessive urination
blood glucose is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
prediabetes
process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult capable of reproducing
puberty
anti-
against
carcin/o
cancerous
immun/o
immune, protection, safe
lymph/o
lymph, lymphatic tissue
lymphanden/o
lymph node or gland
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
neo-, ne/o
new, strange
-oma
tumor, neoplasm
onc/o
tumor
phag/o
eat, swallow
-plasm
formative material of cells
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
splen/o
spleen
-tic
pertaining to
tax/o
poison, posionous
substances that produce an allergic reaction
allergen
potentially life-threatening cancer cells
malignant cells
cells formed in the bone marrow as stem cells that defend the body against antigens
lymphocytes
group of proteins that act as intracellular signals to begin immune response
cytokines
activate immune response, fight viruses, signal cells to increase defenses
interferons
binding antibodies to antigens to label a potentially dangerous antigen and immediately respond
the antigen-antibody reaction
disease fighting proteins
antibodies
bind to antigens in antigen-antibody response
immunoglobulins
leukocytes that surround and kill invading cells
macrophages
one celled microscopic organism
bacteria
rod-shaped, spore forming bacteria
bacilli
bacteria that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites
rickettsia
spiral shaped bacteria capable of movement
spirochetes
group of 30 bacteria species shaped like clusters
staphylococci
bacteria formed in a chain
streptococci
plants or animals living on or within a living organism at the expense of hat organism
parasites
parasites that live in mosquitoes
malaria
parasites transmitted by contaminated animal feces
toxoplasmosis
herpes virus known as chicken pox
varicella
herpes virus known as shingles
herpes zoster
inhibit growth of or kill pathogenic bacterial microorganisms
antibiotic
destroys or inhibits growth of fungi
antifungal
benign tumor in the lymph nodes
lymphangioma
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
splenomegaly
swelling of tissues due to abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid
lymphedema
detects damage or malformations of lymphatic vessels
lymphoscintingraphy
severe response to allergen
systemic reaction
anaphylaxis
large group of diseases where the body produces antibodies against its own tissues
auto-immune disorders
damage or kills T cells causing immune system to fail
human immunodeficiency virus
advanced and fatal stage of human immunodeficiency virus
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
infection caused by pathogen that normally does not produce an illness
opportunistic infection
treatment prevents or reduces body’s normal immune response
immunosuppressant
drug that kills or damages cells
cytotoxic drug
spreading from one place to another
metastasize
cancer is spread to a new site
metastasis
malignant tumor in epithelial tissue
carcinoma
malignant tumor in connective tissue
sarcoma
malignancies affecting lymphoid tissue
lymphoma
cancer of the immune system
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
breast cancer at its earliest stage
doctoral carcinoma insitu
radiographic examination of breast
mammography
yeast infection
candidiasis
a malignant tumor in original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded surrounding tissues
carcinoma in situ
a group of proteins that normally circulate in blood in an inactive form
complement system
highly contagious viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus
COVID-19
a strain of herpes found in most body tissues
cytomegalovirus
function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes
hemolytic
starts in milk ducts and invades fatty breast tissue outside the duct
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes
lymphadenopathy
a benign tumor made of muscle tissue
myoma
malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
myosarcoma
a hard tissue sarcoma that involves upper shaft of long bone, pelvis, or knee
osteosarcoma
an acute viral infection transmitted to humans through bite or saliva of an infected animal
rabies
a viral infection characterized by low grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a pink rash
rubella
radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body
tele therapy
