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Introduction to Pharmacy (Meyonca) > Chapter 13- The consumers of health care (Exam #2) > Flashcards

Chapter 13- The consumers of health care (Exam #2) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the imperfect relationship between the need and the demand for healthcare.

A
  • consumers who need health care services don’t use them

- consumers who don’t need them use them a lot

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2
Q

What serves as intermediaries between health care consumer and the point of service?

A

third-parties

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3
Q

Historically, who is the “gatekeeper”?

A

physicians

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4
Q

____________ have begun taking a more active roll in decision making when it comes to health care consumption.

A

Third-party payers, government health care financing agencies and employers

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5
Q

21st century health is defined as what 3 elements?

A

overall well-being, including physical, mental and social elements.

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6
Q

T/F?
A customer or patron is described as a person who purchases a product or nonprofessional service such as groceries or a new suit?

A

true

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7
Q

Client or Patient ?

Individuals served by health care providers?

A

patients

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8
Q

____________ are defined as individuals awaiting or under medical care or treatment.

A

patients

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9
Q

T/F?

Patrons are described as customers of professional services?

A

false

-clients

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10
Q

What are RPh focusing there services on? (7)

A
  • management of medication therapy and health
  • the sale of health foods
  • focus on supplements
  • capitalizing on holistic approach
  • selling candles or aromatherapy
  • screening and immunizations
  • referring to other services (hypnosis, PT, massage)
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11
Q

What is the negative side effect the shift towards consumerism?

A

HCP can target audience and help who they want and avoid the ones that they don’t

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12
Q

What do health care consumers ethically expect from professional practioner? (4)

A
  • non-malfeasance
  • beneficence
  • justice
  • veracity
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13
Q

non-malfeasance

A

acting in a manner that places the patients welfare above self- interest; that will do no harm to the patient

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14
Q

beneficence

A

help the patient meet his or her needs

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15
Q

justice

A

to treat patients in a fair and equitable manner

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16
Q

veracity

A

be truthful with patients in providing information about their health status
and treatment

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17
Q

__________ was created when consumers were not willing to pay for health
care services for which the provider incurred cost

A

incongruities

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18
Q

Where do consumers most often get their health

information? (2)

A
  • Direct-to-consumer advertising

- Use of the Internet by health care consumers

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19
Q

Why is money spent to advertise a product? (3)

A
  • create demand
  • convince the patient that they are suffering from a condition
  • dispel myths
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20
Q

What causes deterioration in the patient-provider relationship?

A

DTC advertising that convinces the patient that they are suffering from a condition….

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21
Q

Cons to Internet Use by health care consumers?

A

the high probability that the information is incorrect, misleading, biased, medically, unproven, or even dangerous.

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22
Q

Pros to internet use by providers? (2)

A
  • remote access to databases

- telemedicine

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23
Q

telemedicine

A

the use of electronic information and communications technologies to provide and support health
care when distance separates the participants

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24
Q

Pros to internes use for pharmacist? (3)

A
  • communicate w/ patients in an efficient manner
  • receive prescriptions electronically
  • access to up-to-date info on a mobile device
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25
Q

How is age impacting health care behavior (3)?

A
  • chronological
  • psychological
  • social
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26
Q

Which “aging” refers to changes in the ability to function due to changes in cells and tissues?

A

chronological

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27
Q

Which “aging” refers to constant changes in cognition (the ability to think and reason, i.e., mental activities) and personality.

A

Psychological

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28
Q

Social aging refers to what? (2)

A

(1) changes in social relationships that define social
status within a society (e.g., married versus single) and (2) the various roles
people are expected to play at various stages in life

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29
Q

T/F?

The three concepts of aging are independent of one another?

A

true

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30
Q

What can affect both psychological and social aging?

A

Chronological aging

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31
Q

T/F?

Psychological aging can affect both chronological and social aging?

A

true

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32
Q

What has implications for chronological and psychological aging?

A

social aging

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33
Q

What are the 3 basic, generic models of the patient-provider relationship?

A
  • expert
  • social contract
  • engineering
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34
Q

Name the model: practitioners makes decisions

A

Expert model

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35
Q

Name the model: Mutual participation in decision

making

A

Social contract model

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36
Q

Name the model:Patient makes informed

decisions as the MD offers knowledge

A

Engineering model

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37
Q

Thomas Szasz and Hollender (2)

A

Two of the early pioneers in conceptualizing the doctor–patient relationship.
-Fiduciary relationship behavioral model

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38
Q

Activity-passivity

A

MD:does something to the patient
Patient: doesn’t respond
Prototype model: Parent-infant
i.e : anesthesia, acute trauma, coma, delirium

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39
Q

Guidance-cooperation

A

MD- tells the patient what to do
Patient- obeys/cooperates
Prototype model: Parent-child, parent-adolescent
i.e.: Acute infections, other acute illnesses

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40
Q

Mutual participation

A

MD-Helps the patient help him- or herself (uses expert
help)
Patient- Participant in partnership
Prototype model: Adult-adult
i.e.Most chronic illnesses, psychotherapy

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41
Q

Sick- role behavioral model- Talcott Parsons

A

a model based on the premise that illness is disruptive in a society.

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42
Q

Talcott Parsons says

A

a truly sick person should be temporarily relieved

from some of his or her obligations and responsibilities while recovering from an illness.

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43
Q

What model is the most traditional and closely parallels the activity–passivity and guidance–cooperation models proposed by Szasz and Hollende?

A

The model of the sick role

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44
Q

Sick-role behavior

A

activity undertaken by individuals who
consider themselves to be ill, or who have been diagnosed by a health professional
as being ill, for the purpose of getting well.

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45
Q

Health behavior

A

any activity undertaken by an individual who believes him- or herself to be healthy, for the purpose of preventing illness or detecting disease in the asymptomatic stage.

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46
Q

Illness behavior

A

any activity undertaken by a person who believes he
or she may be ill for the purpose of defining his or her state of health and discovering a suitable treatment or remedy for the problem.

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47
Q

Patient’s status: sick role- obligations (3)

A
  • To be motivated to get well
  • To seek technically competent help
  • To trust the physician
48
Q

Patient’s status: sick role-Privileges (2)

A
  • Exemption from performance of normal social role
    obligations
    -Exemption from responsibility for one’s own state of
    illness
49
Q

Doctor’s status: professional role- responsibility (5)

A

-To act for the welfare of the patient (orientation
toward the collective versus self )
-To be guided by the rules of professional
behavior (universalism versus particularism)
- To apply a high degree of achieved skill and
knowledge in solving problems of illness
-To be objective and emotionally detached
(affective neutrality)
-Professional self-regulation (to monitor
competence and ethical behavior)

50
Q

Doctor’s status: professional role- rights (3)

A

-Access to physical and personal intimacy
necessary for diagnosis and treatment
-Professional autonomy
-Professional dominance

51
Q

Individual consumer behavior: a Five-stage model

A
  • Need arousal
  • Information gathering
  • Decision evaluation
  • Decision execution
  • Post-decision assessment
52
Q

Need arousal

A

What needs or wants are identified by the individual that

may give rise to interest in searching for a product or service?

53
Q

Information gathering:

A

How does the individual gather information relevant

to determining what product or service to select?

54
Q

Decision evaluation:

A

How does the individual evaluate the alternative

under consideration?

55
Q

Decision execution:

A

What action does the individual take after the best

alternative is selected?

56
Q

Post-decision assessment:

A

How does the individual’s post-purchase experience affect his or her subsequent attitude and behavior toward the product or service provider?

57
Q

When do people consider themselves ill?

A
  • interferes w/ normal activity/function
  • Symptoms are clear and tolerance threshold is exceeded
  • attach causes to symptoms due to pervious illness/ref group
  • assumes prognosis of the illness is serious
58
Q

What determines health? (4)

A
  • genetics/biology
  • physical environments
  • social environment
  • health care
59
Q

What effects 85% of your health? (3)

A
  • genetics/biology
  • physical environment
  • social environment
60
Q

What effects 15% of your health care?

A

-health care

61
Q

Prosperity is linked to _________?

A

health

62
Q

10 Leading causes of death (2000)

A 
Heart disease 
Cancer 
Major Cardiovascular disease 
Chronic lower respiratory disease. 
Accidents 
Diabetes mellitus 
Influenza/pneumonia 
Alzheimer’s disease 
Kidney disease 
Septicemia
63
Q

What has contributed to less deaths ? (3)

A
  • Improvements in standard of living or lifestyle, including personal hygiene, diet, nutrition and housing
  • Advances in public health
  • Progress in medical practice
64
Q

What contributed to death in now and in the future?

A

Diseases of affluence contribute to chronic illness

65
Q

Things that contribute to diseases of affluence contribute to chronic illness? (4)

A
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Poor diet
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol abuse
66
Q

T/F?

As time goes on people are living longer?

A

true

67
Q

Obesity contributes to _______ and _______?

A

-disease and health care cost

68
Q

By the year 2030 _____% of adults age 20-74 will be obese.

A

50

69
Q

T/F?

Physician visits have increased over the years?

A

true

  • 2.6% in 1928
  • 5.8% in 1996
  • 13% w/ 10 or more visits per year 2010
70
Q

Patients are getting more involved in their healthcare and are now demanding what ? (3)

A
  • better information
  • better processes
  • better insight into what they are paying for
71
Q

What is driving consumerism? (3)

A
  • Chronic diseases
  • Information accessibility
  • Healthcare market reforms
72
Q

What is reforming in the healthcare market to drive consumerism? (3)

A
  • Insurance
  • Quality control regulations
  • FDA role in direct-to-consumer advertisement
73
Q

What are the 3 E’s of Healthcare Consumerism?

A
  • Empathy
  • Empowerment
  • Engagement
74
Q

Szasz and Hollender’s 3 Models of Care

A
  • Activity-Passivity
  • Guidance-Cooperation
  • Mutual Participation
75
Q

T/F?

Mutual Participation is similar to Activity-passivity.

A

false

-social contract

76
Q

Patient- centered model vs. disease-centered?

A

MD’s are more engaged with the patient overall not just concerned with disease.

77
Q

Practitioners encouraged to view the illness through the patient’s eyes by considering what 4 key elements.

A
  • Understand patient’s ideas of what is wrong.
  • Elicit patient’s feelings about illness.
  • Ask how the problem affects daily life.
  • Know the patient’s expectations regarding treatment.
78
Q

Bio-psychosocial model

A

Came about due to dissatisfaction with biomedical model

79
Q

Bio-psychosocial model involves what 2 things?

A
  • Physical and social context

- Emotional and psychological state

80
Q

______________ Deals with Poverty, place of residence, environmental pollution, diet, exercise

A

Physical and social context

81
Q

_______ deals with stress.

A

Emotional and psychological state

82
Q

Cultural sensitivity

A

is a set of skills that enables you to learn about and get to know people who are different from you, thereby coming to understand how to serve them better within own communities

83
Q

Cultural competency

A

is the integration and transformation of knowledge about individuals and groups of people into specific standards, policies, practices, and attitudes used in appropriate cultural settings to increase the quality of services; thereby producing better outcomes

84
Q

Health Practices (5)

A
  • prayer
  • rituals
  • folk remedies
  • herbs
  • alternative health practioner
85
Q

Family unit is important and influences health care decision making in what culture?

A

Latinos

86
Q

Health beliefs regarding illness

2

A
  • Causative factors of illness

- Personal views regarding specific illnesses

87
Q

Which culture believes in karma and rely on health providers /accepting of suggestions

A

Indian subcontinent and Middle Eastern population

88
Q

Which culture is concerned about our HCS/ socialized medicine and views our system as bureaucratic

A

Eastern European

89
Q

What culture subscribes to hot-cold disease explanatory model and tend to have a rapid response to therapy expectations

A

Asians

90
Q

What culture is less trusting of physicians and more concerned about privacy and unsanctioned harmful exp.

A

African American and blacks

91
Q

T/F?

There is NOT racial discordance among some ethnic groups

A

-false

IS

92
Q

Who documents racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare based on social, economic and systematic bias?

A

Institute of Medicine (IOM)

93
Q

_________ states the having a Diverse workforce of health professionals is an important part of eliminating disparities in the U.S.

A

American College of Physicians (2004)

94
Q

___________ is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

A

Health Literacy

95
Q

How many American’s lack necessary literacy skills to function in the health care system?

A

90 million (1/4) or 25%

96
Q

What % of adults have the necessary health literacy skills to manage all aspects of their healthcare according to the 2007 National Healthcare Disparities Report?

A

12

97
Q

What are the 4 Communication Strategies

A
  • Communicate message at the 5th grade level or lower
  • Use pictures and models
  • Use the teach-back or show-me techniques to assess patient understanding
  • Encourage patients to use “Ask me 3”
98
Q

Encourage patients to use “Ask me 3”

A
  • what is my main problem?
  • What do I need to do? And
  • Why is it important for me to do this?
99
Q

What type of behavior describes a healthy person trying to maintain their health?

A

Health behavior

100
Q

What type of behavior describes a possibly sick individual discussing with others (lay-referral system) or making appt.

A

Illness behavior

101
Q

What type of behavior describes individuals who are taking medication after being diagnosed.

A

Sickness behavior

102
Q

HBM- Health Belief Model (3)

A
  1. Individual Perceptions
  2. Modifying factors
  3. Likelihood of Action
103
Q

Which part of the HBM involves individuals perceived benefits of preventive action MINUS perceived barriers to preventive action

A

Likelihood of Action

104
Q

Locus of Control (another behavioral change model) (2)

A
  1. Internal

2. External

105
Q

Locus of Control Internal

A

I control the consequences of my behavior

106
Q

Locus of Control External

A

The consequences of my behavior are outside of my control

107
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

“Self-Efficacy”

believing oneself capable of successfully performing certain behaviors or reaching certain goals

108
Q

What affects behavior? (4)

A
  • attitude towards act/ behavior
  • subjective norm
  • behavioural intention
  • behaviour
109
Q

Trans-theoretical model of change was developed to ?

A

understand why attempts to change fail or succeed

110
Q

Compliance

A

Patient following or “complying” with a health professional’s recommendations.

111
Q

What implies a patient choice in making the decision to follow health professional’s
recommendations?

A

Adherence

112
Q

What factors affect adherence? (5)

A
  • Health system
  • Social/economic
  • Condition-related
  • Patient-related
  • Therapy-related
113
Q

What Requires collaboration between patient and healthcare provider?

A

Motivational Interviewing

114
Q

T/F?

Motivational Interviewing is the patient-centered approach that focuses on patients ambivalence to change

A

true

115
Q

Motivational Interviewing key principles

A
  • Expressing empathy
  • Developing discrepancy
  • Rolling with resistance
  • Avoiding argumentation and
  • Supporting self-efficacy
116
Q

T/F?

The patient is more likely to be YOUNGER and MALE?

A

false

-older and female

117
Q

T/F?

Patients are more likely to be Obese or overweight

A

true

Introduction to Pharmacy (Meyonca) (11 decks)

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