Chapter 13- Solutions Body Fluis and Electolytes

Question 1

What is a solution?

Answer 1

A stable mixture of two or more substances that cannot be seperated using a centrifuge

Question 2

Electrolyte solution

Answer 2

A solution in which dissacociation occurs

Question 3

Colloid

Answer 3

Largw molecules that attract and hold water.

Question 4

What is osmolality

Answer 4

The ratio of solute to solvent.

Question 5

What is equivalney weight

Answer 5

The amounts of substances that have equal chemical combining power.

Question 6

Cations

Answer 6

a positively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.

Question 7

Anions

Answer 7

a negatively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis.

Question 8

What are the 5 factors that determine solubility?

Answer 8

Nature of the solute
Nature of the solvent
Temperature
Pressure
Concentration

Question 9

Isotonic

Answer 9

solution on the inside and outside of the cell have the same concentrations.

Question 10

Hypertonic

Answer 10

Outside of the cell has a lower concentration so water moves from the inside of the cell to the outside making it skinny

Question 11

Hypotonic

Answer 11

Water moves inside the cell and caused it to swell.

Question 12

What is insensible loss

Answer 12

Water loss the is unmeasurable. Eg water loss from sweating, suctioning, darrhea, severe burns or wounds

Question 13

How much water is present intracellularly in our bodies?

Answer 13

2/3 of body water is intracellular.

Question 14

How much water is present extracellularly in our bodies?

Answer 14

1/3 of body water is extracellular

Question 15

What are the 3 compartments in which extracellular water is found?

Answer 15

Intravascular water (plasma 5% bodyweight) , Interstitial water (water between cells 15% bodyweight), Transcellular fluid (Digestive fluids and mucus can rise significantly in conditions such as ascites and pleural effusion)

Question 16

What is the normal range for Sodium in the body?

Answer 16

– Range 136-145 mEq/L. Most extracellular important cation.

Question 17

What is hyponatremia

Answer 17

Lowe sodium in the blood. Most common electorlye imbalance in the hospital

Question 18

What causes Hyponatremia

Answer 18

Most common electrolyte imbalance in the hospital. It Causes GI loss, sweating, fever, diuretics, ascites, CHF, kidney failure.

Question 19

What are the symptoms of Hyponatremia?

Answer 19

• Weakness, lassitude, apathy, headache, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia.

Question 20

What is hypernatremia?

Answer 20

Too much sodium in the blood.

Question 21

What are the causes of hypernatriemia

Answer 21

High concentration of sodium in your blood. Causes net sodium gain, net water loss, increased aldosterone , steroid therapy

Question 22

What are the symptoms o hypernatremia?

Answer 22

Tremulousness, Irritability, Ataxia, seizures, and coma.

Question 23

What is the normal range for chloride in the body?

Answer 23

Range 98-106 mEq/L. Bodys most prominent anion.

Question 24

What is hypochloremia?.

Answer 24

lack of cholride in the blood.

Question 25

What causes hypochloremia?

Answer 25

Caused by GI Loss, diuretics.

Question 26

What are the symptoms of hypochloremia?

Answer 26

Metabolic alkalosis, muscle spasms, in severe cases coma

Question 27

What is hypercholremia?

Answer 27

Too much chloride in the body.

Question 28

What causes hypercholremia?

Answer 28

Caused by dehydration, Metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.

Question 29

What is the normal range for bicarbonate?

Answer 29

Range (22-26 mEq/L), second most important anion. Almost all bicarbonate is retained by the kidneys.

Question 30

What is the normal range for potassium in our body?

Answer 30

Range (3.5-5.0 mEq/L) Main intracellular cation.

Question 31

What is hypokalemia?

Answer 31

Low postassium.

Question 32

What causes hypokalemia?

Answer 32

Caused by Renal insufficiency, diuretics, steroid therapy, renal tubular disease, diarrhea, malnutrition, trauma,

Question 33

What is hyperkalemia?

Answer 33

High postassium levels

Question 34

What causes hyperkalemia?

Answer 34

Caused by Chronic renal disease, hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ACE inhibitors, cyclosporine , potassium sparing diuretics.

Question 35

What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia?

Answer 35

ECG changes, ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest.

Question 36

What is the normal range for calcium in the body?

Answer 36

- Calcium- Range (8.7 to 10.4 mg/dL or 4.5 to 5.25 mEq/L)

Question 37

What is hypercalcemia?

Answer 37

Increased calcium in the body

Question 38

What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

Answer 38

Increased level of calcium. Most commonly caused by hyperparathyroidism or malignancies. Requires emergency treatment is needed because death may occur quickly if serum of calcium increases to 17 mg/L or to 8.5 mEq/L.

Question 39

What is hypocalcemia?

Answer 39

Low calclium in the body

Question 40

What causes hypocalcemia?

Answer 40

Low serum levels of calcium. Causes Hyperparathyroidism, Pancreatitis, renal failure, trauma. Treatment (correcting underlying and replacing calcium orally or intravenously)

Question 41

What is the normal range of Magnesium in the body?

Answer 41

- Range 1.7 to 2.1 mg/dL . Mainly intracellular, Serum levels stable even if 20% of body Mg2+ is depleted.

Question 42

What is hypomafnesemia?

Answer 42

Low magnesium.

Question 43

What is the causes hypomagnesemia?

Answer 43

Caused by inadequate intake or absorption of Mg++, Pancreatitis, Alcoholism.

Question 44

What are the symptoms of hypomagnesemia

Answer 44

Muscle weakness, irritable, tetany, ECG changes, arrythmias’, delirium , convulsions.

Question 45

What is hypermagnesemia?

Answer 45

High levels of magnesium.

Question 46

What causes hypermagnesemia?

Answer 46

vCaused by dehydration, renal insufficiency, tissue trauma, lupus erythematosus.

Question 47

What are the sypmtoms of hypermafnesemia?

Answer 47

ECG Changes, hyperkalemia, cardiac arrest, respiratory muscle paralysis.

Question 48

What is the normal range for phosphate in the body?

Answer 48

- Range (1.2 – 2.3 mEq/L) Hyperphosphatemia causes hypocalcemia may be life threating.

Question 49

What is hypophosphatemia?

Answer 49

Low levels of phospate or phosphorus

Question 50

What causes hypophosphatemia?

Answer 50

Cause by starvation, Malabsorption, hyperparathyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus,

Question 51

What are the symptoms of hypophosphatemia?

Answer 51

Diaphragmatic weakness

Question 52

What is hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 52

High levels of phosphorus or phosphate

Question 53

What causes hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 53

Caused by endocrine disorders, acromegaly, chronic renal insufficiency, acute renal failure, tissue trauma.

Question 54

What are the symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 54

Minimal

Question 55

What is ph?

Answer 55

A scale that is used to refer to the acidity or alkalinity (base) of a solution.

Question 56

What are all the intracellular electrolytes?

Answer 56

Chlroide, Bicarbonate, Potassium, Magnesium and Phosphate, Calcium

Question 57

What are all the extracellular electrolytes?

Answer 57

Chloride, BiCarbonate, Sodium, Phosphate( <0.1%) and Calcium

Question 58

What are the 7 major electrolytes.

Answer 58

Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate (phosphorus), Bicarbonate