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RET1024C- Respiratory Therapy Fundamentals > Chapter 13- Solutions Body Fluis and Electolytes > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Solutions Body Fluis and Electolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a solution?

A

A stable mixture of two or more substances that cannot be seperated using a centrifuge

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2
Q

Electrolyte solution

A

A solution in which dissacociation occurs

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3
Q

Colloid

A

Largw molecules that attract and hold water.

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4
Q

What is osmolality

A

The ratio of solute to solvent.

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5
Q

What is equivalney weight

A

The amounts of substances that have equal chemical combining power.

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6
Q

Cations

A

a positively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.

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7
Q

Anions

A

a negatively charged ion, i.e. one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis.

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8
Q

What are the 5 factors that determine solubility?

A

Nature of the solute
Nature of the solvent
Temperature
Pressure
Concentration

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9
Q

Isotonic

A

solution on the inside and outside of the cell have the same concentrations.

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10
Q

Hypertonic

A

Outside of the cell has a lower concentration so water moves from the inside of the cell to the outside making it skinny

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11
Q

Hypotonic

A

Water moves inside the cell and caused it to swell.

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12
Q

What is insensible loss

A

Water loss the is unmeasurable. Eg water loss from sweating, suctioning, darrhea, severe burns or wounds

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13
Q

How much water is present intracellularly in our bodies?

A

2/3 of body water is intracellular.

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14
Q

How much water is present extracellularly in our bodies?

A

1/3 of body water is extracellular

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15
Q

What are the 3 compartments in which extracellular water is found?

A

Intravascular water (plasma 5% bodyweight) , Interstitial water (water between cells 15% bodyweight), Transcellular fluid (Digestive fluids and mucus can rise significantly in conditions such as ascites and pleural effusion)

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16
Q

What is the normal range for Sodium in the body?

A

– Range 136-145 mEq/L. Most extracellular important cation.

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17
Q

What is hyponatremia

A

Lowe sodium in the blood. Most common electorlye imbalance in the hospital

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18
Q

What causes Hyponatremia

A

Most common electrolyte imbalance in the hospital. It Causes GI loss, sweating, fever, diuretics, ascites, CHF, kidney failure.

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of Hyponatremia?

A
  • Weakness, lassitude, apathy, headache, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia.
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20
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

Too much sodium in the blood.

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21
Q

What are the causes of hypernatriemia

A

High concentration of sodium in your blood. Causes net sodium gain, net water loss, increased aldosterone , steroid therapy

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22
Q

What are the symptoms o hypernatremia?

A

Tremulousness, Irritability, Ataxia, seizures, and coma.

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23
Q

What is the normal range for chloride in the body?

A

Range 98-106 mEq/L. Bodys most prominent anion.

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24
Q

What is hypochloremia?.

A

lack of cholride in the blood.

25
Q

What causes hypochloremia?

A

Caused by GI Loss, diuretics.

26
Q

What are the symptoms of hypochloremia?

A

Metabolic alkalosis, muscle spasms, in severe cases coma

27
Q

What is hypercholremia?

A

Too much chloride in the body.

28
Q

What causes hypercholremia?

A

Caused by dehydration, Metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.

29
Q

What is the normal range for bicarbonate?

A

Range (22-26 mEq/L), second most important anion. Almost all bicarbonate is retained by the kidneys.

30
Q

What is the normal range for potassium in our body?

A

Range (3.5-5.0 mEq/L) Main intracellular cation.

31
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Low postassium.

32
Q

What causes hypokalemia?

A

Caused by Renal insufficiency, diuretics, steroid therapy, renal tubular disease, diarrhea, malnutrition, trauma,

33
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

High postassium levels

34
Q

What causes hyperkalemia?

A

Caused by Chronic renal disease, hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ACE inhibitors, cyclosporine , potassium sparing diuretics.

35
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

ECG changes, ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest.

36
Q

What is the normal range for calcium in the body?

A
  • Calcium- Range (8.7 to 10.4 mg/dL or 4.5 to 5.25 mEq/L)
37
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

Increased calcium in the body

38
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

A

Increased level of calcium. Most commonly caused by hyperparathyroidism or malignancies. Requires emergency treatment is needed because death may occur quickly if serum of calcium increases to 17 mg/L or to 8.5 mEq/L.

39
Q

What is hypocalcemia?

A

Low calclium in the body

40
Q

What causes hypocalcemia?

A

Low serum levels of calcium. Causes Hyperparathyroidism, Pancreatitis, renal failure, trauma. Treatment (correcting underlying and replacing calcium orally or intravenously)

41
Q

What is the normal range of Magnesium in the body?

A
  • Range 1.7 to 2.1 mg/dL . Mainly intracellular, Serum levels stable even if 20% of body Mg2+ is depleted.
42
Q

What is hypomafnesemia?

A

Low magnesium.

43
Q

What is the causes hypomagnesemia?

A

Caused by inadequate intake or absorption of Mg++, Pancreatitis, Alcoholism.

44
Q

What are the symptoms of hypomagnesemia

A

Muscle weakness, irritable, tetany, ECG changes, arrythmias’, delirium , convulsions.

45
Q

What is hypermagnesemia?

A

High levels of magnesium.

46
Q

What causes hypermagnesemia?

A

vCaused by dehydration, renal insufficiency, tissue trauma, lupus erythematosus.

47
Q

What are the sypmtoms of hypermafnesemia?

A

ECG Changes, hyperkalemia, cardiac arrest, respiratory muscle paralysis.

48
Q

What is the normal range for phosphate in the body?

A
  • Range (1.2 – 2.3 mEq/L) Hyperphosphatemia causes hypocalcemia may be life threating.
49
Q

What is hypophosphatemia?

A

Low levels of phospate or phosphorus

50
Q

What causes hypophosphatemia?

A

Cause by starvation, Malabsorption, hyperparathyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus,

51
Q

What are the symptoms of hypophosphatemia?

A

Diaphragmatic weakness

52
Q

What is hyperphosphatemia?

A

High levels of phosphorus or phosphate

53
Q

What causes hyperphosphatemia?

A

Caused by endocrine disorders, acromegaly, chronic renal insufficiency, acute renal failure, tissue trauma.

54
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?

A

Minimal

55
Q

What is ph?

A

A scale that is used to refer to the acidity or alkalinity (base) of a solution.

56
Q

What are all the intracellular electrolytes?

A

Chlroide, Bicarbonate, Potassium, Magnesium and Phosphate, Calcium

57
Q

What are all the extracellular electrolytes?

A

Chloride, BiCarbonate, Sodium, Phosphate( <0.1%) and Calcium

58
Q

What are the 7 major electrolytes.

A

Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate (phosphorus), Bicarbonate

RET1024C- Respiratory Therapy Fundamentals (9 decks)

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