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Physiology II > Chapter 13 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of transmural pressure gradient

A

Creates a balance allowing lungs to stay inflated
-negative pressure
-lungs are partially inflated always (energy efficient)

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2
Q

Lungs are highly distensible meaning what?

A

-elastic recoil
-inflate and deflate

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3
Q

Thoracic wall is more rigid and recoils what direction

A

Recoils outward

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4
Q

Transmural pressure gradient keeps what two things together

A

Lung and chest wall

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5
Q

Lungs elastic recoil depends on what two factors

A

-elastic connective tissue
-alveolar surface tension

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6
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Stretchability, recoil back to original state

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7
Q

Alveolar surface tension

A

Thin liquid that lines each alveolus
-stops drying out

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8
Q

Surface tension

A

The action of alveoli radius decreasing-
water molecules coming closer together

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9
Q

The smaller the structure the greater the

A

Surface tension

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10
Q

Lungs tend to collapse down to small structures due to

A

Surface tension

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11
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

-comes from alveolar type 2 cells

-lines alveoli and reduces
surface tension of the liquid
-reduces work of the lungs

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12
Q

Water lined alveoli creates

A

Surface tension

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13
Q

Greater the surface tension

A

More likely to collapse

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14
Q

What increases secretion of type 2 cells

A

-deep breathing (stretch)

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15
Q

A lack of surfactant example

A

Babies born prematurely
-IRDS/RDSN
-lungs just collapse and need to reinflate (huge energy drain)

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16
Q

Alveolar interdependence

A

-depends on alveolar structure (closer is better)
-neighbouring alveoli (physically connected) resist collapse stretch by recoiling
“Tug of war”

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17
Q

Forces keeping alveoli open

A

-positive transmural pressure
-pulmonary surfactant
-alveolar interdependence

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18
Q

Forces promoting alveolar collapse

A

-elasticity of stretched connective tissue fibres
-surface tension

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19
Q

Pneumothorax

A

-with no opposing negative pleural pressure to keep it inflated, lung collapses to its un stretched size

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20
Q

Decreased volume =

A

Increased pressure

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21
Q

Increased volume =

A

Decreased pressure

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22
Q

Boyles law

A

The pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of gas

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23
Q

Boyles law calculation

A

P= (1/V)

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24
Q

Changes in alveolar pressure produce

A

Flow of air into and out of the lungs

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25
Q

If alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure…

A

Air enters the lungs

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26
Q

If alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

A

Air exits from the lungs

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27
Q

Boyles law calculation 2

A

P1v1 = p2v2

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28
Q

Volume of lungs is made to

A

Change

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29
Q

By altering lung volume

A

-pressure changes in the lungs
-air flow is generated

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30
Q

What changes the volume of thoracic cavity

A

Respiratory muscle activity
-diaphragm

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31
Q

What is the major inspiration muscle

A

Diaphragm

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32
Q

Diaphragm movement to draw in air (inhale)

A

Contraction
-increases volume

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33
Q

Diaphragm action for expiration

A

Relaxes
-dec volume

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34
Q

Elastic recoil

A

Surface tension and elastin

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35
Q

Processes of inspiration

A

1.Muscle activity
2. Thoracic cavity inc
3. Pressure alveoli dec
4. Air flow inc

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36
Q

Processes of expiration

A
  1. Muscle activity
  2. Decreased thoracic cavity
  3. Increased pressure alveoli
  4. Decreased air flow
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37
Q

Expansion during inspiration ___ the intrapleural pressure

A

Decreases

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38
Q

Increased volume lowers what

A

The intra alveolar pressure below atmospheric pressure

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39
Q

Air flow dependent on (two things)

A

-pressure differences
-airway resistance

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40
Q

Airflow calculation

A

F=(change in)P/R

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41
Q

Greater R, the ____ F

A

Lesser/decrease

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42
Q

Greater (change in)P, ____ in F

A

Greater

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43
Q

What controls contraction of smooth muscle in airway walls

A

Autonomic ns

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44
Q

SNS causes

A

Bronchodilation
-NE
-E

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45
Q

PNS causes

A

Bronchoconstriction
-ACH

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46
Q

Disease states and respiration

A

-narrows airways
-flow restricted and have to work harder to breathe (inc pressure and inc resistance)

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47
Q

Diseases affecting airway resistance

A

-asthma
-chronic bronchitis
-emphysema

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48
Q

Chronic pulmonary disease

A

Increases airway resistance

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49
Q

During an increase of airway resistance

A

Expiation is more difficult than inspiration

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50
Q

Asthma

A

Increased smooth muscles
-inflammation and histamine
-breathing out is problem (expiration) (wheezing)

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51
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-always experienced
-constricts airflow
-inflammatory
-commonly caused by cigarette smoke

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52
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

COPD disease
-long term inflammatory of smaller airways
-edematous thickening
-coughing doesn’t help

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53
Q

Emphysema

A

COPD
-collapse and breakdown of smaller airways

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54
Q

Spirometer

A

Air filled drum floating in a water filled chamber

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55
Q

Spirometer

A

Air filled drum floating in a water filled chamber

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56
Q

Max volume male lung

A

5.7L

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57
Q

Max volume of lungs female

A

4.2L

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58
Q

At rest, lungs contain ___ after expiration

A

2.2L
-still half full

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59
Q

Vital capacity

A

Max inspiration, max expiration
-exercising to max capacity

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60
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath

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61
Q

Residual volume

A

Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration

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62
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold

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63
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above typical resting tidal volume

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64
Q

TLC =

A

VC + RV

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65
Q

Average value of TLC

A

5700

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66
Q

Average value of VC

A

4500

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67
Q

Average value of TV

A

500

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68
Q

Average value of RV

A

1200

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69
Q

FEV

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second

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70
Q

Obstructive lung disease

A

Increased airway resistance
FEV <80%

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71
Q

Restrictive lung disease

A

Normal airway resistance but reduced vital capacity
-impaired respiratory movements

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72
Q

Pulmonary ventilation =

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

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73
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Measures how much air moves (out) into the lungs per minute

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74
Q

Anatomic dead space

A

Area not taking part in gas exchange
-150ml

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75
Q

Alveolar ventilation calculation

A

=(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

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76
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

-the air exchanged between atmosphere and alveoli per minute
-more important

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77
Q

When expirating what is the first bit of air that comes out

A

Anatomical dead space air

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78
Q

Work of breathing

A

Requires 3% of total energy
-can be increased

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79
Q

Pulmonary compliance is decreased causes

A

Increased work of breathing

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80
Q

Airway resistance is increased (COPD)

A

Work of breathing is increased

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81
Q

elastic recoil is decreased causes

A

Increased work of breathing

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82
Q

Internal respiration

A

Biochemistry inside cells
-mitochondria, ATP

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83
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between external environment and cells of the body

84
Q

Lungs

A

-each supplied by one bronchi
-contains elastic material

85
Q

Bronchioles

A

-no cartilage
-smooth muscles (ans)
-sensitive to hormones and chemicals

86
Q

Alveoli are crusted where

A

At ends of terminal bronchioles

87
Q

Convection zone

A

Trachea and larger bronchi
-purely functional transportation

88
Q

Diffusion zone

A

Bronchioles and alveoli
-site of gas exchange

89
Q

Trachea and larger bronchi

A

-rigid, non muscular tubes
-rings of cartilage preventing collapse

90
Q

Alveoli

A

Thin walled inflatable sacs
-gas exchange
-large surface area

91
Q

Walls of alveoli consist of a single layer of flattened epithelial cells called:

A

Type 1 alveolar cells

92
Q

Each alveolus is incircled by

A

Pulmonary capillaries

93
Q

Type 2 alveolar cells secrete

A

Pulmonary surfactant

94
Q

Pores of kohn

A

Permit airflow between adjacent alveoli

95
Q

Diaphragm

A

-dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle
-innervated by phrenic nerve

96
Q

External intercostal muscles are innervated by ___ nerve

A

Intercostal

97
Q

Major muscle of respiration

A

Diaphragm

98
Q

Inspiration requires

A

Contraction of muscles

99
Q

Expiration requires

A

Relaxation of muscles

100
Q

Pleural sac

A

Double walled closed sac separating each lung from thoracic wall
-friction
-GI movement

101
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Interior of plural sac

102
Q

Intrapleural fluid

A

-secreted by surfaces of pleura
-lubricate pleural surfaces

103
Q

Layers of lung starting from thoracic wall going inwards

A

-parietal pleura
-pleural sac (intrapleural fluid)
-visceral pleura
-lung

104
Q

F=

A

(Change in)P/R

105
Q

How do we get air in and out of the lungs

A

Respiratory mechanics

106
Q

Respiration mechanics

A

-pressure inside and outside
-pressure differences

107
Q

Four different pressure considerations that are important in ventilation

A

-atmospheric
-(intra)alveolar
-(intra)pleural
-transpulmonary

108
Q

Transpulmonary pressure is calculated by

A

Inside pressure - outside pressure

109
Q

Respiratory pressure is always relative to

A

Atmospheric pressure

110
Q

Sea level pressure (mmHg/atm/cmH20)

A

-760mmHg
-1atm
-1034cmH20

111
Q

Higher altitudes

A

Less pressure
-gas molecules further apart

112
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects

113
Q

Atmospheric pressure ___ with ___ altitude

A

Decreases with increasing
-PB

114
Q

Alveolar pressure

A

The pressure within the alveoli
-PA

115
Q

Pleural pressure

A

Pressure outside the lungs but within thoracic cavity
-Ppl

116
Q

Transpleural pressure gradient

A

Inside pressure minus outside pressure

117
Q

Is pleural pressure greater than or less than alveoli

A

Always less than

118
Q

Why is pleural pressure less than alveoli pressure

A

Keeps lungs and rib cage together in movements while breathing

119
Q

Gas exchange

A

Simple diffusion of o2 and co2 down partial pressure gradients

120
Q

Partial pressure gradients

A

-gases
-high partial pressure flows to lower partial pressure

121
Q

Partial pressure equals

A

(Total pressure) x (fractional composition)

122
Q

Percentage of N2 out of total atmospheric pressure

A

79%

123
Q

How to determine partial pressure of element in air

A

(Percentage) x (total in mmHg) = partial pressure of element

124
Q

Gases can dissolve in

A

Liquid
-don’t neccesarily form bubbles

125
Q

Partial pressure of alveoli

A

100mmHg

126
Q

Percentage of o2 compared to TAP

A

21

127
Q

Partial pressure of o2

A

160

128
Q

Why is alveolar Po2 100 mmHg and not 160mmHg

A

-every time you take a breath, you are saturating air with watervapor

-dilutes all gases by 47 mmHg

129
Q

Total atmospheric pressure =

A

760 mmHgq

130
Q

Po2 =
(Inspired gas)

A

150 mmHg

131
Q

Humidification + small turnover =

A

100 mmHg

132
Q

Fresh alveolar air is mixed with what,

A

A large volume of old air remaining in lungs
-from dead space at end of expiration

133
Q

functional residual capacity

A

2.2L

134
Q

Movement of oxygen is completely independent of

A

Movement of carbon dioxide

135
Q

Venous blood entering the lungs: low in ___, and high in ____

A

O2, CO2

136
Q

(Blood entering the lungs)
Alveolar Po2:
Alveolar Pco2:

why?

A

-high
-low

Because only a portion of alveolar air is replaced by fresh atmospheric air during each breath

137
Q

Partial pressure gradient for o2

A

100-40= 60mmHg

138
Q

Partial pressure gradients for co2

A

46-40= 6mmHg

139
Q

Due to the partial pressure gradients for o2 and co2 between alveoli and pulmonary capillary blood, what takes place

-o2 is 60, co2 is 6

A

Cause o2 to diffuse into blood, and co2 to diffuse into the alveoli (out of the blood)

140
Q

The greater the partial pressure=

A

Into the blood to equilibrium

141
Q

Blood leaving the lungs has

A

High partial pressure
-high content of o2
-low content of co2

142
Q

O2 diffuses from
(Lungs)

A

Alveoli to pulmonary capillaries

143
Q

Co2 diffuses from
(Lungs)

A

Pulmonary capillaries to alveoli

144
Q

O2 diffuses from (tissues)

A

Capillaries to tissue cells

145
Q

Co2 diffuses from (tissues)

A

Tissue cells to capillaries

146
Q

Influence of: partial pressure gradients of o2 and co2

A

Inc diffusion with inc partial pressure gradient

147
Q

Influence of: surface area of alveolar capillary membrane

A

Inc diffusion with inc surface area

148
Q

Influence of: thickness of barrier separating the air and blood across alveolar capillary membrane

A

Diffusion dec as thickness inc

149
Q

Influence of: diffusion coefficient (solubility o of the gas in membrane)

A

Diffusion inc with coefficient inc

150
Q

Surface area of gas exchange: comparing normal and emphysema

A

Emphysema will be expanded

151
Q

When does inadequate gas exchange occur

A

-thickness of barrier that separates air and blood is pathological increased (emphysema)

152
Q

Thickness increases

A

Rate of gas transfer dec

153
Q

Blood spends roughly ___ sec in capillary

A

0.75

154
Q

Gas transport in lungs

A

Hemoglobin + o2 —> oxyhemoglobin

-small percentage of o2 dissolved in plasma

155
Q

Gas transport in tissues

A

Oxyhemoglobin —> hemoglobin + o2

-oxygen leaves capillaries and enters tissue cells

156
Q

what is haemoglobin saturation stats

A

Amount of O2 attached to Hb

157
Q

What does Hb sat depend on

A

P02

158
Q

Amount of P02 and PC02 in pulmonary/systemic arteries

A

P02–> 100
PC02–> 40

159
Q

Amount of P02 and PC02 systemic/pulmonary veins

A

P02–> 40
PC02–> 46

160
Q

Hb in RBCs of the arteries

A

98%

161
Q

Hb in RBCs in capillaries

A

75%

162
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in blood

A

Is the main factor determining the percentage of haemoglobin saturation

163
Q

%Hb saturation is high when.. (pressure o2)

A

Pressure of oxygen is high
-lungs

164
Q

%Hb saturation is low when… (pressure of oxygen)

A

Pressure of oxygen is low
-tissue cells

165
Q

What is the important of a plataeu phase when graphing O2 saturation

A

Gives a good margin of safety

166
Q

Where is the steep phase when graphing O2 saturation

A

Found in systemic capillaries, where Hb unloads oxygen to the tissue cells

167
Q

Alveolar P02 = blood P02

A

Equal amount of free floating oxygen in blood and alveoli

168
Q

Alveolar P02 > blood P02

A

There are more free floating oxygen in the lungs compared to haemoglobin molecules

169
Q

What are other influences on the )2-Hb curve

A

-PC02
-Acid (H+)
-temperature
-2,3 bisphospoglycerate

170
Q

Unloading of 02 is increased by

A

Increased: CO2, H+, temperature
-2,3 BPG

171
Q

Bohr effect

A

CO2 producing H+ and other sources of H+ (lactic acid)

-decreased pH—-> more o2 released from Hb

172
Q

Haldane effect

A

Increase in P02 leads to less CO2 bound to Hb

-inc capacity for Hb to carry CO2 in a deoxygenated state

173
Q

Carbon dioxide travels in three ways

A

-physically dissolved
-bound to haemoglobin
-bicarbonate

174
Q

Most CO2 is transported as

A

Bicarbonate ion
-HCO3

175
Q

CO2 combines with water to form (using what enzyme)

A

Carbonic acid
-carbonic anhydrase

176
Q

Carbonic acid

A

H2CO3

177
Q

Carbonic acid turns into

A

H+ + HCO3-

178
Q

10% of the CO2 is bound to

A

Hb in the blood

179
Q

10% of the transported CO2 is

A

Dissolved in the plasma

180
Q

Lungs vs tissues

A

Lungs: product is CO2 and H20

Tissues: product is H+ and HCO3-

181
Q

Chloride shift

A

Occurs in tissues
-exchange of Cl- (in) for HCO3- (out)

182
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Inc pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic requirements
-decreased PCO2 and H+

183
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Under ventilation in relation to metabolic requirements
-inc PCO2 and H+

184
Q

Hypoxia

A

Insufficient oxygen at cellular level

185
Q

Hyperoxia

A

Condition of having an above normal arterial PO2

186
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Having excess CO2 in arterial blood
-caused by respiratory acidosis

187
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Below normal arterial PCO2 levels
-respiratory alkalosis

188
Q

Function of respiratory centres in brain stem

A

Establish rhythmic breathing pattern

189
Q

Medullary respiratory center two aspects

A

-dorsal respiratory group
-ventral respiratory group

190
Q

Pneumontaxic centre

A

Impulse to DRG to switch off inspiritory neurons

191
Q

Apneustic centre

A

Prevents inspiratory neurons from being switched off
-keep on
-extra boost for inspiratory

192
Q

____ dominates over ____ (control of repiration)

A

Pneumotaxic > apneustic

193
Q

Chemical factors that assist in breathing

A

-PO2
-PCO2
-arterial H+

194
Q

Chemical factors aid in

A

Determining magnitude of ventilation
-inc breath/depth of breath

195
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Carotid bodies, aortic bodies

196
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are

A

Not sensitive

197
Q

Arterial pH effect on ventilation

A

Peripheral H+ detects non respiratory sources
-lactic

198
Q

Rise in arterial H+ concentration
-decrease in pH

A

Increases ventilation
-carotid

199
Q

CO2 + H2O —->

A

H2CO3

200
Q

H2CO3 —->

A

H+ + HCO3-

201
Q

Increase of PCO2

A

Increase ventilation

202
Q

Decrease in PCO2

A

Reduce respiratory drive

203
Q

Increase in PCO2

A

Increase in brain ECF PCO2

-increases CO2 and H2O to inc H+

204
Q

Increase in brain ECF H+

A

Increases central chemoreceptors/medullary respiratory centre

205
Q

Inc central chemoreceptors, and medullary respiratory centre

A

Increase ventilation

206
Q

Increase ventilation

A

Decreases arterial PCO2

Physiology II (12 decks)

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