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Physiology II > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

Body’s ability to resist or elimate potentially harmful foreign materials

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2
Q

Major targets of immune system

A

-bacteria
-viruses

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3
Q

Examples of first line of defence

A

-skin
-mucous membranes

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4
Q

The first lines of defence against microbes are the ____

A

Barriers
-the surfaces exposed to external environment

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5
Q

What in the mouth helps combat bacteria

A

Saliva
-converts nitrate into nitrite

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6
Q

Nitrite is swallowed and turned into what in the stomach

A

Nitric oxide

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7
Q

Neutrophils

A

Highly mobile phagocytes
-engulf/destroy unwanted materials

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8
Q

Eosinophils

A

Secrete chemicals that fight parasites
-allergic reactions

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9
Q

Basophils

A

Release histamine and heparin
-allergic reactions

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10
Q

Monocytes

A

Transform into macrophages

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11
Q

Lymphocytes (two types)

A

B and T lymphocytes

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12
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Secrete antibodies

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13
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Responsible for immunity

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14
Q

Two types of body immune systems

A

Innate versus adaptive

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15
Q

Innate immunity

A

-nonspecific
-immediate
-nonselective

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16
Q

What does it mean by- innate immune systems are nonspecific

A

This system does not recognize type of bacteria, just a common target

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17
Q

What does it mean by- innate immune systems are immediate

A

This system is extremely quick to respond
-first responder

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18
Q

What does it mean by- innate immune systems are nonselective

A

The system recognizes general molecular properties

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19
Q

Innate immune systems are rapid but

A

Limited
-not exactly highly effective

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20
Q

What three cells are important in innate defence

A

-neutrophils
-macrophages
-several plasma proteins

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21
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

-specific
-takes time to initiate
-ultimate weapon

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22
Q

Adaptive immune responses include (two things)

A

Antibody mediated immunity and cell mediated immunity

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23
Q

What are the defences included in innate immunity

A

-inflammation
-complement system
-interferon
-NK cells

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24
Q

What is inflammation

A

Brings phagocytes and plasma proteins
-nonspecific
-inactive invaders
-remove debris
-prepare for healing

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25
Q

(1) inflammation: a break in the skin introduces ____ what is the next step?

A

-bacteria

-activated resident macrophages engulf pathogens
-secretes cytokines and chemotaxins

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26
Q

(2) inflammation: activated mast cells release ____

A

Histamine

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27
Q

(3) inflammation: what is the role of histamine and cytokines

A

Histamine- dilates local bv and widens capillary pores

Cytokines- cause neutrophils and monocytes to stick to bv wall

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28
Q

(4) inflammation: chemotaxins attract what? What is this function

A

-neutrophils and monocytes

-diapedesis

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29
Q

Diapedesis

A

Squeezing out cells between blood vessel wall
-which migrate to infection sites

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30
Q

(5) inflammation: ____ enlarge into macrophages, which do what?

A

-monocytes

-macrophages AND neutrophils engulf pathogens and destroy them

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31
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Chemicals released to initiate migration
-helps cells to know where to go

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32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Recognizes certain carbohydrates or lipids on bacterial wall

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33
Q

Phagocytosis can be aided by

A

Opsonins

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34
Q

Opsonins

A

The action of agents helping phagocytosis
-Not the name of a specific chemical

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35
Q

Oponization

A

An activated complement molecule from bacteria and a specific receptor from phagocyte

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36
Q

Histamine

A

Released from mast cells
-vasodilation
-increases capillary permeability

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37
Q

Interleukin-1, 6, TNF

A

-come from macrophages
-fever and inflammation
-proliferation and differentiation of B and T lymphocytes

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38
Q

Tissue repair can be ____, but what is a factor of this

A

Perfect, age is a factor

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39
Q

Nonregenerative tissues and lost cells are replaced with

A

Scar tissue

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40
Q

The complement system is composed of

A

Plasma proteins
-produced by liver

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41
Q

Compliment system

A

-cascade of chronological events (C1 to C5)
-C5 to C9 assemble membrane attack complex (MAC)

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42
Q

What is a membrane attack complex

A

Form of killing without phagocytosis
-embedded into surface membrane
-creates holes, making membrane leaky
-victim cell swells and bursts

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43
Q

How does a hole kill a cell

A

A hole stops the ability of cell to control external environment

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44
Q

What C’s initiate MAC

A

C5 to C9

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45
Q

Complement system is a ___ mechanism

A

Primary

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46
Q

Complement system as an alternative pathway

A

Activated by exposure to carbohydrate chains

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47
Q

Main function of complement system

A

Forms membrane attack complex to punch holes in victim cells

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48
Q

Complement proteins in inflammatory process promotes

A

-vasodilation and vascular permeability

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49
Q

Antiviral effect of interferon

A

-deals with viral replication (entering cell)
-warning neighbour cells that they are virally infected

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50
Q

NK cells

A

-naturally occurring lymphocyte like cells
-nonspecific

51
Q

Mode of action of NK cells

A

Release chemicals to kill bodies own cells that are virally infected

52
Q

Adaptive immune responses two types

A

Ab mediated and cell mediated

53
Q

Antibody mediated

A

-production of B lymphocytes

54
Q

The state of B cells that are able to produce antibodies

A

Plasma cells

55
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Production of activated T lymphocytes
-directly attack unwanted cells

56
Q

Peripheral lymphoid tissues

A

Mobile units that can go anywhere
-important: for readiness of immune response

57
Q

Antigen

A

What the cell is responding Togo
-induce immune response

58
Q

More complex a molecule is the greater its

A

Antigenicity

59
Q

Each lymphocyte has surface receptors for binding with ____ particular type of possible antigen

A

One

60
Q

How are lymphocytes super specific

A

Surface receptor only recognizes one type of antigen

61
Q

Most B cells differentiate into

A

Active plasma cells
-antibody producing cells

62
Q

Other B cells become

A

Dormant
-memory cells
-do not produce antibodies but help in future

63
Q

Receptor sites on cell surface recognize

A

One specific antigen

64
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies
-enter blood
-only for one specific antigen

65
Q

Plasma (activated B cell) cells have a greatly increased

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
-protein making machinery

66
Q

When antibody combines with an antigen, what happens?

A

Marked for destruction

67
Q

IgM

A

B cell surface receptor for antigen attachment
-early stages of response

68
Q

IgG

A

Produced in large amounts when body is exposed to same antigen
-most abundant

69
Q

IgM and IgG produce what?

A

Most specific response

70
Q

Properties of tail portion of antibodies

A

Determines functional properties of antibody

71
Q

Properties of tip of antibodies

A

Unique for each different antibody
-identical binding gradients

72
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of antigenic cells
-can bind foreign cells

73
Q

Neutralization

A

A way of preventing toxins from interacting with susceptible cells
-recognize and bind to toxin
-binding causes toxin to be unable to affect (mopping up)

74
Q

Four ways antibodies can elimate invading microbes

A

-anggulation
-complement system
-phagocytosis (opsonization)
-NK

75
Q

Antibodies acting as opsonization

A

Macrophage has antibodies that recognize antigen on invading cell and phagocytes cell

76
Q

When are B lymphocytes produced

A

During fetal development

77
Q

Clonal selection of B lymphocytes

A

All offspring of particular B lymphocytes form a family of identical cells or a clone

78
Q

What does it mean by an antibody can only recognize one antigen

A

One type of cell
-there are different actual cells but same (clones)

79
Q

Memory cells

A

When re exposed to same antigen, allows body to be ready for immediate action
-dormant
-small percentage

80
Q

Primary vs secondary immune response

A

Primary- takes longer, is less of an antibody response

Secondary- quick response, very large onset of antibody response

81
Q

Active immunity

A

Self generated
-results from exposure to an antigen
-natural or vaccine (deliberate) based

82
Q

Passive immunity

A

Borrowed immunity
-from transfer of preformed antibodies
-immediate protection

Eg- mother passes antibodies from breast milk

83
Q

T cells account for what percentage of total lymphocyte in circulation

A

50-70

84
Q

T cells are important in defence against

A

Most viral infections
-regulatory role

85
Q

What does it mean by T cells do not secrete antibodies?

A

T cells bind directly to targets

86
Q

Killer T cells

A

Release chemicals that destroy targeted cells

87
Q

Vaccines

A

Deliberate exposure to antigen to produce antibodies
-ensures that “first” exposure in real time acts as the primary exposure (faster and higher antibody count)

88
Q

Do T cells produce antibodies

A

NOR

89
Q

MHC proteins allow

A

For T cells to activate an attack, since if they are present on cell then T cells can respond

90
Q

How quick is a T cell response

A

A few days

91
Q

CD8 cells are called

A

Cytotoxic T cell

92
Q

CD4 cells

A

Helper T cells

93
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Destroy host cells harbouring anything foreign
-cancer or viral

94
Q

Helper T cells/ CD4

A

-coordinates immune system
-secrete chemicals to amplify activity

95
Q

Examples (3) of chemicals helper cells can secrete

A

-B cell growth
-T cell growth
-macrophages migration inhibition factor

96
Q

T cell growth factor is

A

Interleukin-2

97
Q

Memory T lymphocytes

A

Same as memory B cells

98
Q

MHC stands for

A

Major histocompatibility complex

99
Q

T lymphocyte cell mediated immunity—> antigen must be

A

Complexed with another cellular protein

100
Q

How does a T lymphocyte recognize abnormal cell

A

-finds MHC with abnormal protein (cell will advertise this abnormality)
-T cell identifies and kills cell

101
Q

Organ transplant is related to

A

MHC molecules

102
Q

T cells have antigen receptors which recognize

A

Antigens only when associated with MHC molecules

103
Q

Antigen presentation

A

Cells is presenting and making the protein abnormality stand out to be destroyed by T cell

104
Q

Two classes of MHC molecules

A

Class1 and Class 2

105
Q

Class 1 vs Class 1 (MHC)

A

1- nucleated cells
2-macrophages, dendritic cells, activated B cells (immune system)

106
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Target host infected with virus
-bind to viral antigen

107
Q

Killing method of cytotoxic T cells

A

May kill cell directly or thru enzymes (self destruction)

108
Q

Once a killer cell binds to its target cell what takes place

A

Granules in killer cell reaches surface of killer cell
-granules contain perfroin and empty into space between killer cell and target cell

109
Q

What happens to performing molecules when exposed to Ca

A

In the ECF space, the performing turns from a spherical to a cylindrical shape

110
Q

What do the cylindrical shaped perforin molecules do

A

-Bind to the target cell membrane and insert into it
-grouping together like barrel shaped pores

111
Q

How do the perforin pores on target cell lead to cell death

A

Allow entry of salt and water which causes cell to swell and burst

112
Q

Cytotoxic T cells require (class one or two)

A

Class 1 MHC
-most cells

113
Q

Are helper T cells killer cells

A

No

114
Q

Helper T cells function

A

-secrete chemicals (cytokines)
-help all parts of immune system

115
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins that assist in messages between immune cells

116
Q

CD4 cells require (class 1 or 2)

A

Class 2
-immune cells

117
Q

Lymphocytes respond only to

A

Antigens presented to them by antigen presenting cells

118
Q

What can be an antigen presenting cell

A

Macrophages

119
Q

After phagocytosis occurs how does antigen presentation take place

A

-macrophage digests the microbe into antigenic peptides

-antigenic peptides bind to MHC

-presents antigen to cell surface

120
Q

Antigen presenting macrophages secrete

A

Interleykin -1

121
Q

Defence against viral invasion as free in ECF

A

-macrophages
-neutralization
-complement cascade

122
Q

Defences against viral invasion: virus has entered the host cell

A

-interferon
-NK cells
-cytotoxic T cells
-helper T cells

123
Q

What happens once a virus infected cell is destroyed

A

-free virus is released into ECF
-attacked directly by macrophages, antibodies and activated complement

Physiology II (12 decks)

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