Chapter 11 - The Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of blood
A
-transport
-defence
-hemostasis
2
Q
Body fluid is split into
A
-ICF
-ECF
3
Q
ECF is split into
A
Plasma and interstitial fluid
4
Q
Blood represents what percentage of body weight
A
8%
5
Q
Blood is thicker than
A
Water
6
Q
Blood is suspended in
A
Plasma
7
Q
Erythrocytes
A
Red blood cells
8
Q
Leukocytes
A
White blood cells
9
Q
Platelets
A
Thrombocytes
10
Q
Percentage of plasma in whole blood
A
55%
11
Q
Percentage of erythrocytes of whole blood
A
45%
12
Q
Percentage of Buffy coat in whole blood
A
<1%
13
Q
What is the Buffy coat made up of
A
Platelets, leukocytes
14
Q
Haematocrit
A
Packed cell volume of mostly RBC
15
Q
Who has higher hematocrit m or w?
A
Men do
16
Q
What percentage of water and proteins
A
92% and 7%
17
Q
Plasma proteins remain in
A
The blood
18
Q
Where are plasma proteins made
A
In the liver
19
Q
Three major groups of plasma proteins
A
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
20
Q
Albumin
A
Most prevalent
-bind many substances
21
Q
Globulins
A
-alpha, beta and gamma
-inactive before regulatory inputs
22
Q
A and b globulins
A
Transport (like iron)
-blood clotting proteins (since the human body is constantly bleeding)
23
Q
G=
A
Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
24
Q
Fibrinogen
A
Forms fibrin, which is essential to blood clotting
25
Activated fibrinogen looks like what
Mesh work
26
Erythrocytes
-transport O2
-thin, biconcave disks
-very flexible
27
Why is the shape of erythrocytes important
The biconcave disk creates a large surface area to volume ratio
28
Why are erythrocyte sso flexible
So that they can squeeze trough vessels by stretching
29
Do erythrocytes have a nucleus?
No they do not
-they also do not have any other organelles
-cannot make proteins
30
Hemoglobin
Binds oxygen to carbon dioxide
-pigment containing iron
-found only in erythrocytes
31
Pigment in hemoglobin appears red/blue when?
Red- oxygenated
Blue- deoxygenated
32
Hemoglobin consists of two parts
Globin portion and heme groups
33
Globin portion
Proteins composed of four highly folded polypeptide chains
34
Heme groups
Four iron groups per Hb molecule
-each is bound to one of the polypeptide
-what gives hemoglobin the capability to store O2
35
Hemoglobin’s primary role is to carry
O2
36
Erythropoiesis
Erythrocytes production
-occurs in red bone marrow
37
Site of red blood cell production depends on age (intrauterine/childhood/adulthood)
-first by yolk sac, eventually in bone marrow when developed
-most bones have red bone marrrow
-sternum, ribs, upper ends of long bones
38
Pluripotential stem cell
Can be any type of blood cell
39
Erythroid cells
Committed stem cells
-come from pluripotential stem cells
40
Normoblast comes from
erythoid cells
41
Reticulocyte comes from
Normoblast
42
Reticulocyte turns into
Erythrocyte
43
How is erythropoiesis controlled?
Ultimately by negative feedback
-kidneys detect reduced O2 capability in blood
-kidneys secrete erythropoetin hormone into blood
-Erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis
-increased capability now relieves initial stimuli’s
44
ABO blood types are named for
The prescience of antigens on surfaces of erythrocytes
45
A blood contains
A antigens
46
B blood contains
B antigens
47
AB blood has both
A and B antigens
48
O blood has neither
A nor B antigens
49
An antibody binds with the _____ _____ against which it is produced
Specific antigen
50
Type A has what antibodies
Anti-B
51
type B has what type of antibodies
Anti A antibodies
52
Type AB has what type of antibodies
No antibodies
53
Type O has what type of antibodies
Both anti A and anti B antibodies
54
What blood type is universal donor?
O blood type
-as it can only receive O, but can BE RECIEVED by any other type
55
What is the universal recipinat
AB blood type
56
B blood type can only receive
B + O
57
A blood type can only receive
A + O
58
High Hb may cause
Kidney failure
-due to incompatibility
59
People who have the Rh factor have
Rh + blood
60
People lacking the Rh factor are
Rh -
61
Anti-Rh antibodies are produced only by
Rh negative people if exposed to Rh positive
62
HDN or erythroblastosis fetalis/hemolytic disease of the newborn
Happens in subsequent pregnancies
-Rh negative mother develops antibodies against the erythrocytes of a Rh-positive fetus
63
How do you prevent HDN
Rh immunoglobibn around 28 weeks
64
What does Rh immunoglobulin
Prevents response against positive Rh
65
Spleen function
Filters and removes old erythrocytes
66
Iron is recycled why?
For the synthesis of new hemoglobin
67
Spleen macrophages
Filters blood by phagocytosis
68
Hemoglobin is broken down (iron removed) and converted into
Bilirubin
69
Bilirubin
Comes from breakdown of hemoglobin
-yellow colour
-free or stuck
-excreted (urine or feces)
70
Anaemia
Reduction in O2 carrying capacity
71
Pernicious anaemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
-which is important for action of folic acid
-lack of intrinsic factor from stomach lining
72
Aplastic anaemia
Insufficient RBC production
-destruction of bone marrow
73
Hemolytic anaemia
Rupture of RBC
-from infections or sickle cell disease
74
Sickle cell disease
-genetic disease
-RBC are very stiff and cannot move, get clogged up in vessels
75
Polycythaemia
Increased RBC creation and moving O2 capability
-primary or secondary
76
Primary polycythaemia
Erythyropoiesis at excessive and uncontrolled rate
-viscosity of blood increases
77
Secondary polycythaemia
Adaptive mechanisms that reduces O2 (intentional)
-high altitude
-chronic lung disease or heart failure
78
Leukocytes
-mobile units of body’s immune defence system
-defend against invading pathogens
79
Five different types of circulating leukocytes
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-monocytes
-lymphocytes
80
Leukocytes are produced in
Red bone marrow, lymph nodes and tonsils
81
Pluripotential stem cells split into what two cells
-myeloid cells
-lymphoid cells
82
Myeloid cells split into
Granulocytes and monocytes
83
Lymphoid cells split into
-B and T lymphocytes
84
Leukocytes are characterized by appearance of
Nuclei and granules
85
Granulocytes are
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
Cytoplasmic granules
86
Agranulocytes
-monocytes
-lymphocytes
No cytoplasmic granules
87
What are the highest concentration of leukocytes
Neutrophils
88
Least amount of leukocytes?
Basophils
89
Granulocytes and monocytes are produced in
Bone marrow
90
New lymphocytes are formed in
Lymphoid tissue
91
Leukopoiesis
Impacts the amount of WBC entering the stream
92
Leukopoiesis is triggered by
-chemical messages from damaged/invaded tissues
-colony stimulating factors
93
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
(An example of a colony sitmulating factor)
-a drug that boosts WBC
-increased replication of granulocytes
94
Neutrophils
-destroy bacteria by phagocytosis
-first defenders
-inflammatory responses
-scavenge to clean up debris
95
Eosinophils
Increase in circulating eosinophils
-allergic conditions and internal parasite infestations
96
Basophils
-least numerous and most poorly understood
-synthesizes and stores: histamine, heparin
97
Histamine
Release is important in allergic reactions
98
Heparin
Anti clotting agent of blood samples drawn for chemical analysis
-inhibits coagulation
99
Monocytes
Phagocytiic
-become macrophages
-usually wait just in case for the body
100
Lymphocytes
B cells and T cells (specifically programmed)
101
B lympocytes
-produce antibodies
102
T lymphocytes
-do not produce antibodies
-destroy specific target cells by releasing chemicals
103
Where do T lymphocytes reside
Resides in the thymus
-bone marrow to thymus where they mature)
104
Platelets come from
Magakaryocytes
105
Platelets do not leave
Blood
-released when needed
106
Thrombopoietin
A liver hormone that increases number of megakaryocytes
107
Platelets cellular composition
-no nuclei
-some organelles and enzymes
-have granules
108
Platelets granules contain
Secretory products
-ADP
-serotonin
-epinephrine
109
Haemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding from broken blood vessels
-vascular spasm
-formation of platelet plug
-blood coagulation
110
A vascular spasm
-results from damage to the blood vessel
-maintains BP
-endothelial layer becomes sticky to aid in clotting process
111
Formation of a platelet plug
Activated by exposed collagen in damaged wall of the vessel
112
Platelets are activated by
Exposed collagen at site of injury
113
Activated platelets release
ADP and thromboxane A2
114
Chemical messengers work together to
Activate other platelets passing by
115
Newly activated platelets do what onto growing platelet plug?
-aggregate onto
-release even more platelet attracting chemicals
116
Normal/uninsured endothelium releases
Prostacyclin and nitric oxide
-inhibiting platelet aggregation so the plug is confined to site of injury
117
Clotting equals
Coagulation
118
Blood is converted into a solid bell called a
Thrombus
119
Clotting factors are always present in blood plasma in
inactive precursor form
120
How many plasma proteins are there in the clotting cascade
12
121
Where are the 12 plasma proteins produced
In the liver
122
The clotting cascade simply is conversion of
Fibrinogen into a stabilized fibrin mesh
123
The clotting cascade is triggered by
Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
124
Fibrinogen converts to fibrin by
Thrombin
125
Intrinsic pathway
Exists in plasma
-a damaged vessel surface or foreign surface activates factor XII into HAGEMAN factor
126
Extrinsic pathway
Outside of blood
-tissue thromboplastin released from traumatized tissue directly activates factor X
127
Thrombin activates what factor?
Factor 1 (fibrinogen) turning into fibrin
128
Clot retraction
Contraction of platelets shrinks fibrin mesh
-squeezes fluid from the clot
129
Clot dissolution
Enzyme plasmin dissolves the clot
130
Plasminogen converts to
Plasmin
