Chapter 13 Part 5

Question 1

Canines

Answer 1

One per quadrant only (if present)

Conical, May be enlarged

Modern carnivores, Saber-toothed tigers, South American marsupial “cats”

Stab and hold prey, Sometimes used to show off( as in good mate material)

Question 2

What does it mean for the canines to be conical?

Answer 2

most often used for stabbing and holding prey, also for social displays or fighting

Question 3

Narwhal canine

Answer 3

▪ Males have single enlarged canine
▪ Used for competition
▪ Lots of nerve endings to probe environment

Question 4

Primate canines

Answer 4

▪ Males especially have large canines
▪ Males do yawn display to show off canines, advertise dominance

Question 5

Premolars and molars

Answer 5

Molars: compression teeth, top fits into bottom; movement of jaw creates mortar and pestel situation

Vary tremendously in size, shape, and function

Often called post canine teeth, since posterior to them

Premolars first, molars behind them

Question 6

True carnivore molars/premolars

Answer 6

carnassials: either side of mouth, last upper premolar, first lower moral

Flat, Form pair of blades that move past one another; Mammalian carnivores use to tear meat and crack bone

How they function: shear/slide past each other to tear meat apart

Question 7

Brachydont vs hypsodont teeth

Answer 7

Brachydont: crow relatively low, Carnivores and omnivores

Hypsodont: crown relatively tall/high, herbivores

Question 8

Bunodont teeth

Answer 8

rounded cusps on molar; in omnivores

Question 9

Lophodont teeth

Answer 9

cusps form ridges; herbivores; basic contours

Question 10

Selenodont

Answer 10

cusps form crescents;

Artiodactyls herbivores (even-toed ungulates, goats, sheeps, pigs, cows, etc.)

• Depression between ridges so lower fits into upper(similar to lophodont teeth!)

Question 11

What are lophodont and selenodont teeth known as?

Answer 11

grinding teeth, chew up fibrous food

Question 12

Auditory tube

Answer 12

leads to cavity of location of ears

Question 13

Esophagus

Answer 13

leads to digestive tract

Question 14

Glottis

Answer 14

leads to trachea in lungs

Question 15

Pharynx

Answer 15

behind oral cavity, arches become gills in fish and other parts in other vertebrates
- Pharyngeal pouches: made of endoderm(green line), develop into numerous glandular structures

Question 16

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 16

primarily in mammals, folds down onto trachea when you swallow and partially closes it, to prevent food in airway

Since pathways of stomach and lungs cross, need to prevent blockages

Question 17

What is the function of the palatal valve?

Answer 17

Closes up esophagus and glottis

Question 18

Crocodile palatal valve

Answer 18

▪ Closing up opening creates water retention and allows them to breathe underwater while mouth is open, so they can catch prey
▪ Nasal cavity separated from oral cavity by secondary palate (in birds, reptiles, mammals)
▪ So can breathe with mouth open and not swallow water

Question 19

Name four layers of the gut wall

Answer 19

Serosa
Muscularis externa
submucosa
mucosa