Chapter 11 Part 3 Flashcards
Describe and name function of respiration structures in anuran larvae
· Palatoquadrate: upper jaw
· Ceratohyal: lower jaw
· Orbitohyal muscle: contract, pull up on ends on ceratohyal, open mouth and water flowing in
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· Interhyoid muscle: contract, pulls end of ceratohyal down, raises floor of buccal cavity
Describe Tadpole gill ventilation
uses the extensive oral sucker around its mouth to establish a secure attachment to the undersurface of a rock in a fast-moving stream
- When the oral sucker is attached, water to ventilate the gills enters through the nares, passes through the buccal cavity across the gill curtain, and then exits
- Water removed from the area to which the oral suction was attached creates a vacuum that helps the sucker hold the rock
Describe the positive pressure ventilation cycle for lung ventilation in adult frogs
Push air into lungs!
o Lungs use elastic recoil (air in expands, air out recoils
o Buccal cavity expands to draw fresh air in through the open nares
o Glottis opens rapidly, releasing spent air from the elastic lungs
o Nares close, the floor of the buccal cavity rises, forcing the fresh air held in this cavity into the lung through the open glottis
o Glottis closes, retaining the air that has just filled the lungs, and the nares open again
Which muscles are the primary drivers of ventilation in squamates?
o Costal Muscles alter shape in body wall, expand size of lungs
o Negative air ventilation
What is faveolus?
o Small pits involved in respiration
o Lungs of snakes and most lizards typically include a single central air chamber into which faveoli open
How does locomotion influence respiration?
o As a lizard bends, the lung on the concave side is compressed and the lung on the convex side is expanded.
o Air pressure in the lung on the concave side increases (+), whereas pressure on the convex side decreases (–)
o These pressure changes move air between the left and right lungs
o Pressure on one side increases while other decreases
What supplements lung ventilation in locomotion influenced respiration?
gular pump
▪ Expand throat to suck in air, compress throat to force air into lungs
▪ Led to faster locomotion in some species!
What are the 2 parts of the snake lung?
Snakes: long, narrow lungs extend through most of the length of the body
Primitive snakes: lungs are paired, Mosy other snakes: left lung is reduced and often lost entirely
Separated into anterior/before heart, and posterior/after heart
What is the primary muscle that causes lung ventilation?
Diaphragmatic muscle
Diaphragmatic muscle
Contraction of the diaphragmatic muscles draws the liver back, increasing the volume of the lung cavity and dropping the pressure within the lungs
Respiration in turtles
- The shell around the lungs prevents changes in shape, precludes aspiration pumping using the ribs
- Turtles cannot change shape of thorax
- Lungs enclosed in carapace
- Turtles have sheets of muscles within the shell that contract and relax to force air in and out of the lung
Be able to describe the functions of the Obliquus abdominis and girdle protractor (serratus) in inhalation and exhalation
o Obliquus abdominis and Girdle protracter, when pulled on, expands the lung
o OA: During exhalation, this muscle helps in compressing the abdominal cavity, pushing the viscera upward against the lungs to expel air.
o GP: This muscle aids in stabilizing the scapula during breathing movements, ensuring proper positioning for effective lung expansion and contraction.
Describe the function of the pectoralis and transversus abdominis
o P: assists indirectly in respiratory movements by stabilizing the chest and shoulder region during breathing.
o TA: Similar to the obliquus abdominis, this muscle helps compress the abdominal cavity during exhalation, facilitating the expulsion of air from the lungs.
Function of avian air sacs?
- constant flow throughout lungs and cooling of body
What are parabronchi in the avian lung?
· Parabronchi are small, tube-like structures within the avian lung where gas exchange occurs. Unlike mammalian lungs with alveoli, parabronchi allow air to flow continuously in one direction, ensuring a constant supply of fresh air
