Chapter 13 Part 2 Flashcards
Giraffe
- land vertebrate tongue
- longer to reach high areas
Woodpecker tongue
- land vertebrate tongue
extended tongue available to gain insects/sap and such out of bark/wooded trees
Hummingbird tongue
- land vertebrate tongue
- A close‐up view of its forked tongue reveals tiny hair‐ like plates (lamellae) ; As the tongue retracts, the lamellae fold in and funnel captured nectar into the mouth
- Inside rotation of whole structure; left groove and right groove fold in to funnel nectar; tongue tips join together on dorsal side to hold in nectar
- To close, ventral side moves up to dorsal side; lamellae closing
Salamander tongue
- amphibian tongue
- use protejectile feeding
- has hyobrachial skeleton structures
- structures include subarcualis rectus, rectus cervicus
Hyobranchial skeleton
- salamander structure
- includes these structures near mouth: basibranchial, ceratohyals, ceratobranchials, epibranchials
Subarcualis rectus
tongue projector, thick and on two sides of salamander neck area, surround rectus cervicus
Rectus cervicus
tongue retractor, longer and thin, connected to pelvis, in middle of subarcualis rectus
How do the muscles of the salamander tongue work?
- amphibian tongue
- include subarcualis rectus and rectus cervicus
- subarcualis rectus stays within mouth while portions of rectus cervicus extends out externally; tongue pad on end
Frog tongue
- amphibian tongue
- use projectile feeding method called inertial elongation
- has depressor mandibulae muscle, submetalis muscles
Inertial elongation
- tongue is flipped(sticky) from the mouth by a mechanism resembling a catapult
- Depressor mandibulae muscle - lowers the mandible
- Muscles contract and stiffen the tongue
- Submetalis muscles contracts and bulges upwards
- Muscles pivot tongue over bulge, moving tongue forward
- Tongue pivots over submentalis
- Inertia elongates tongue and sticky pad captures prey
Chameleon tongue
- amphibian tongue
- uses projectile feeding method
- includes certaobranchial cartilage, entoglossal process, accelarator muscle, entoglossal muscle, hypoglossal muscle
Describe the projectile feeding process of a Chameleon
- certaobranchial cartilage vertical and entoglossal process inside mouth
- Contraction by two muscles rotates certobranchial, moves entoglossal process and tongue forward
- An accelaraator muscle wrapped around tip of tongue while hypoglossal muscle right behind it
- Accelerator muscle stores elastic energy
- Will elongate to entoglossal muscle and release energy to shoot out tongue
- Hypoglossal muscle straightens and tongue goes forward
- Tongue tip adheres to prey
- Contraction of hypoglossal muscle pulls tongue and prey into mouth
What is the vomeronasal organ?
the paired auxiliary olfactory (smell) sense organ located in the soft tissue of the nasal septum, in the nasal cavity just above the roof of the mouth (the hard palate) in various tetrapod
- For pheromones, for reproductive hormones; used for mate attraction and recognition
- When tongue is flicking out, they are tasting the air for certain chemical molecules, pushes back into vomeronasal organ to process it
(seen in snakes)
Name the general oral glands
- Parotid gland, mandibular gland, palatine glands, zygomatic gland, sublingual gland(posterior and anterior)
- All considered salivary glands: lubricate food to swallow
- Seen in mammals and others
What are the functions of the oral glands?
Lubrication and binding of food
Solubilizes dry food
Oral hygiene, flushes out bacteria with saliva and mucus
Initiates starch digestion (amylase), In tetrapods
Akaline buffering
Thermoregulation
