Chapter 13 (Part 5)

Question 1

what do the two blood pressure numbers (ex. 110/70) represent?

Answer 1

110: systolic, when the heart is contracting

70: diastolic, when the heart is relaxing

Question 2

what is the difference between pulse and pulse pressure?

Answer 2

pulse: heart beating or pumping

pulse pressure: systolic - diastolic. normal would be about 40.

Question 3

what does a high pulse pressure indicate?

Answer 3

big systolic - small diastolic = heart is working harder, there’s more resistance

Question 4

what does a low pulse pressure indicate?

Answer 4

systolic - diastolic = heart is not working as hard, insufficient blood volume

Question 5

what is parallel blood flow? how does it occur?

Answer 5

basically means every organ/tissue gets fresh blood every time. oxygenated blood provides fresh blood to organs/tissues, and waste is filtered out of deoxygenated blood doesn’t pass waste along

Question 6

why is parallel blood flow significant?

Answer 6

essential! without it, you’d be sharing nutrients/oxygen/blood each time, and you’d be carrying waste each time

Question 7

what are two ways arteriole vessel diameter is altered locally?

Answer 7

1. chemoreceptors within vessels monitor O2 and CO2 levels
2. mechanoreceptors: myogenic effect

Question 8

describe how chemoreceptors within vessels monitor O2 and CO2 levels

Answer 8

increased metabolism means decreased O2 and increased CO2;

decreased O2 and CO2 promotes vasodilation to increase delivery of O2 and removal of CO2

Question 9

describe how mechanoreceptors have a myogenic effect

Answer 9

smooth muscle has no troponin or tropomyosin.

by increasing the cell size due to an increase in BP or blood volume, mechanoreceptors are triggered -> Ca+2 -> calmodulin -> light chain -> hydrolyze ATP -> crossbridge cycling

Question 10

how is arteriole vessel diameter altered by the nervous system? more specifically?

Answer 10

sympathetic nervous system triggers localized vascular changes.

norepinephrine is released at the target

Question 11

describe the localized vascular changes that the sympathetic nervous system triggers

Answer 11

default state, some SNS activity: normal
decreased O2 : vasoconstricted
increased O2 : vasodilated

Question 12

what are the three types of capillaries we studied in class?

Answer 12

continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous

Question 13

describe continuous capillaries:

Answer 13

• leaky, with pores
• in the brain (but with no pores)
• ex. general circulation

Question 14

describe fenestrated capillaries:

Answer 14

• each cell has pores
• super leaky
• gets everything out but proteins
• ex. glandular cells, kidneys

Question 15

describe discontinuous capillaries:

Answer 15

• huge gaps
• missing basement membrane
• allows blood cells and proteins to get in/out
• ex. liver (lots of proteins), bone marrow)

Question 16

what’s another name for discontinuous capillaries?

Answer 16

sinusoid

Question 17

what is the basement membrane? aka, what is it made of, and in which capillaries is it found?

Answer 17

connective tissue

continuous and fenestrated

Question 18

how do brain continuous capillaries differ from general circulation continuous capillaries and why?

Answer 18

no pores, greater diversity and number of transporters such as glucose transporters to get glucose to the brain

Question 19

name three ways the lymph system is unlike the circulatory system:

Answer 19

1. not linked to the heart, therefore functions at a very low pressure
2. not a circuit, so it starts at the peripheral dead ends and flows into the thoracic venous system
3. vessel endothelial cells overlap to allow easy access INto lymphatic vessels but prevent exit

Question 20

what are three functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 20

1. make sure you don’t retain too much interstitial fluid (tissue edema) and solutes inside of it
2. lymph nodes have WBCs to engulf and digest foreign bodies = innate immune system
3. how we get triglycerides (animal proteins) from digestive tract to the cells and out of the body

Question 21

don’t forget hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Answer 21

okay!