Chapter 13 (Part 5) Flashcards
what do the two blood pressure numbers (ex. 110/70) represent?
110: systolic, when the heart is contracting
70: diastolic, when the heart is relaxing
what is the difference between pulse and pulse pressure?
pulse: heart beating or pumping
pulse pressure: systolic - diastolic. normal would be about 40.
what does a high pulse pressure indicate?
big systolic - small diastolic = heart is working harder, there’s more resistance
what does a low pulse pressure indicate?
systolic - diastolic = heart is not working as hard, insufficient blood volume
what is parallel blood flow? how does it occur?
basically means every organ/tissue gets fresh blood every time. oxygenated blood provides fresh blood to organs/tissues, and waste is filtered out of deoxygenated blood doesn’t pass waste along
why is parallel blood flow significant?
essential! without it, you’d be sharing nutrients/oxygen/blood each time, and you’d be carrying waste each time
what are two ways arteriole vessel diameter is altered locally?
- chemoreceptors within vessels monitor O2 and CO2 levels
- mechanoreceptors: myogenic effect
describe how chemoreceptors within vessels monitor O2 and CO2 levels
increased metabolism means decreased O2 and increased CO2;
decreased O2 and CO2 promotes vasodilation to increase delivery of O2 and removal of CO2
describe how mechanoreceptors have a myogenic effect
smooth muscle has no troponin or tropomyosin.
by increasing the cell size due to an increase in BP or blood volume, mechanoreceptors are triggered -> Ca+2 -> calmodulin -> light chain -> hydrolyze ATP -> crossbridge cycling
how is arteriole vessel diameter altered by the nervous system? more specifically?
sympathetic nervous system triggers localized vascular changes.
norepinephrine is released at the target
describe the localized vascular changes that the sympathetic nervous system triggers
default state, some SNS activity: normal
decreased O2 : vasoconstricted
increased O2 : vasodilated
what are the three types of capillaries we studied in class?
continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous
describe continuous capillaries:
- leaky, with pores
- in the brain (but with no pores)
- ex. general circulation
describe fenestrated capillaries:
- each cell has pores
- super leaky
- gets everything out but proteins
- ex. glandular cells, kidneys
describe discontinuous capillaries:
- huge gaps
- missing basement membrane
- allows blood cells and proteins to get in/out
- ex. liver (lots of proteins), bone marrow)
what’s another name for discontinuous capillaries?
sinusoid
what is the basement membrane? aka, what is it made of, and in which capillaries is it found?
connective tissue
continuous and fenestrated
how do brain continuous capillaries differ from general circulation continuous capillaries and why?
no pores, greater diversity and number of transporters such as glucose transporters to get glucose to the brain
name three ways the lymph system is unlike the circulatory system:
- not linked to the heart, therefore functions at a very low pressure
- not a circuit, so it starts at the peripheral dead ends and flows into the thoracic venous system
- vessel endothelial cells overlap to allow easy access INto lymphatic vessels but prevent exit
what are three functions of the lymphatic system?
- make sure you don’t retain too much interstitial fluid (tissue edema) and solutes inside of it
- lymph nodes have WBCs to engulf and digest foreign bodies = innate immune system
- how we get triglycerides (animal proteins) from digestive tract to the cells and out of the body
don’t forget hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
okay!
