Chapter 13 - Groups in Counselling (TWO) Flashcards

1
Q

Define/explain: Psychodrama (Type of Group)

A
  • invented by Jacob L Moreno, Viennese psychiatrist
  • used for years with mental patients at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in DC
  • members enact unrehearsed role-plays
  • group leader is director, other group members are actors in the protagonist’s play and give feedback
  • used by behaviorists, Gestaltists, and affective-oriented group leaders
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2
Q

Define/explain: T-Groups/Training Groups (Type of Group)

A
  • first used at National Training Laboratories (NTL) in Bethel, Maine in 1946
  • predates group counseling or group psychotherapy.
  • Kurt Lewin – formed the basis for the original group
  • based on his group dynamics
  • focus is on task accomplishment or on interpersonal relationship
  • goal: members learn from experience how their and others behaviors influence others in the group
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3
Q

Define/explain: Encounter Groups (Type of Group)

A
  • emerged from T-groups to focus on growth of individual group members rather than the group
  • for normal functioning individuals who want to grow. change and develop
  • group’s focus is on individual expression and recognition of affect (mood/emotion)
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4
Q

Define/explain: Group Marathons (Type of Group)

A
  • 24 hour minimum group session that breaks down defensive barriers
  • pioneered by Frederick Stoller and George Bach in 1960s
  • useful with substance abusers in rehab, as well as normal functioning people in other group settings
  • used by labor and peace negotiations
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5
Q

Define/explain: Self-Help Groups (Type of Group)

A
  • grown in popularity since 1970s
  • centers on single topic
  • led by layperson
  • short or long term
  • help members gain greater control of their lives
  • usually no fee
  • people go voluntarily
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6
Q

How many people are involved in the over 500,000 self-help groups in the US?

A

-over 10 million people are involved in around 500,000 US groups

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7
Q

Define/explain: Support Groups (Type of Groups)

A
  • focus on particular concern or problem
  • established by professional helping organization or person. ex. AA
  • may charge fees
  • group leaders may be laypeople or trained professional
  • center around topics that are physical, emotional, or social
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8
Q

Similarities between support groups and self-help groups.

A
  • might meet in churches, recreation centers, schools, or other community centers
  • healthy and complementary to other health services
  • help people realize that they don’t exist in isolation, members create a network and find hope/validation through other members
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9
Q

Define: layperson

A
  • person who lacks expertise through professional training

- power comes from experience with common event of members

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10
Q

Prevalent myths about groups:

A
  • they are artificial and unreal
  • they are second-rate structures for dealing with problems
  • they force people to lose identity by breaking down psychological defenses
  • they require people to become emotional and disclose sensitive information
  • they are touchy-feely, confrontational, hostile and brainwashing
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11
Q

Define: group

A
  • two or more people interacting together to achieve a goal
  • all involve work/the dynamic interaction between collections of individuals
  • for prevention/remediation of difficulties or the enhancement of personal growth/enrichment
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12
Q

Benefits of groups in counselling: (List 6)

A

-economical and effective means of helping people who share similar problems
-propels person forward and help him/her recognize needs or wants
-instillation of hope – You will get through this.
-universality – You’re not alone
-imparting of information – how to cope
-altruism – helping each other, feeling worthwhile
-corrective recap of the primary family group – reviewing previous conflicts and resolving them
-development of socializing techniques – learning social skills
-imitative behavior – imitating positive behavior of other
member
-interpersonal learning – insight; working through past issues
-groups cohesiveness – bonding with others
-catharsis – being able to express emotions
-existential factors – taking responsibility; determining choices

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13
Q

Examples of groups that benefit from group counselling:

A
  • help 9th and 10th graders learn social problem solving to help with career decisions
  • promote career development and useful in vocational planning
  • can help women improve functioning and subjective well-being
  • help heart attack victims deal with stressors better
  • increase maturation processes of adolescent offenders
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14
Q

Drawbacks of Groups in Counselling:

A
  • some clients’ problems and personalities are not suited for groups
  • some problems need more individual attention
  • group pressure may force client to take action like self-disclose before s/he is ready
  • groupthink; defensive thinking as a group without problem solving
  • individuals may not be able to generalize skills outside of the group, group may not represent a normal interaction
  • may not resolve conflicts or development
  • may become regressive and unproductive or even destructive, such as scapegoating, narcissistic, and project
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15
Q

Define/explain: Psychoeducational Groups/Guidance groups or educational groups (Type of Group)

A

-preventive and instructional
-purpose: to teach group members how to deal with
potential threat, developmental event, or crisis
-can be found in schools, hospitals, mental health centers, social service agencies, and universities
-one of most important parts: discussion of how
members will personalize the information presented in
the group

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16
Q

Examples of psychoeducational group found in schools, adult settings, and college settings:

A
  • schools use instruction materials, such as: unfinished stories, puppet plays, films, audio interviews, and guest speakers
  • adult setting: written materials or guest lecturers.
  • college setting: control of anger, dating, study skills
17
Q

Define/explain: Counselling Groups (Type of Group)

A

what:
-interpersonal problem-solving groups
-help resolve problems of living through interpersonal
support and problem solving, ex. social anxiety
-help members develop existing interpersonal problemsolving competencies in order to better handle future problems
-attempt made to modify attitudes and behaviors, more emphasis on emotional involvement of members
how:
-smaller and in a more intimate setting
-members get “airtime” to speak
-more interaction and personalizing of information

18
Q

Define/explain: Psychotherapy Groups (Type of Group)

A

-personality reconstruction groups
-help members correct in-depth psychological
problems
-usually in inpatient facilities, psychiatric hospitals residential units
-types of problems: depression, incessant talking,
paranoia, schizoid and sociopathic personalities, suicidal,
and extreme narcissists
-easier to recognize those who should be excluded.
-more common in America

19
Q

Define/explain: Task Work Groups (Type of Groups)

A
  • help members apply principles and processes of group dynamics to improve practices and accomplish a goal
  • useful for task forces, committees, planning groups, community organizations, discussion groups, study circles, learning groups
20
Q

define: quality circle

A

-employee-run group of workers who meet weekly to examine the processes they are using in their jobs; devise ways to improve them

21
Q

Examples of a task work group:

A
  • team in athletics, art, and employment settings

- student project groups

22
Q

Characteristics of a good task work group:

A
  • clear purpose
  • dynamics and information are balanced
  • time needed for culture building and learning about each other
  • conflict resolution
  • feedback between members
  • here-and-now addressed
  • reflection on group
23
Q

5 Stages in Groups:

A
  1. Forming
    - foundation and expectation are laid out
    - members show anxiety, dependency, and talk about non-problematic issues
  2. Storming
    - turmoil and conflict occur; members seek to establish selves in hierarchy of the group
  3. Norming
    - group generates enthusiasm and cohesion and decides on goals and ways of working together
  4. Performing/working
    - group is productive; members are involved with each other and individual and collective goals
  5. Mourning/termination
    - group comes to an end, members say good-bye to one another and the group experience
    - members feel fulfilled or bitter
24
Q

9 Issues in Groups:

A
  1. selection and preparation of group members
    - pre-group training and pre-group interview are helpful to formation of the group
  2. Group size and duration
    - determined by purpose and preference
  3. Open-ended vs. closed groups
    - open-ended groups admit new members after having started and closed do not
  4. Confidentiality
    - what has been said within group setting will not be revealed outside
  5. Physical structure
    - room or setting in which group is assembled
  6. Co-leaders
    - two leaders may be beneficial to some groups
  7. Self-disclosure
    - dependent on trust between members
  8. Feedback
    - members respond to verbal messages and nonverbal behaviors of others
  9. Follow-up
    - keeping in touch with members after the group has terminated
25
Q

Leadership Qualities of Effective Group Leaders

A
  1. Caring – the more the better
  2. Meaning attribution – clarifying, explaining, providing cognitive framework for change
  3. Emotional stimulation – activity, challenging, risk taking, self-disclosure
  4. Executive function – developing norms, structuring, suggesting procedures
26
Q

define/explain: heterogeneous groups vs homogeneous groups

A

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