Chapter 13 -- Ground Waßer

Question 0

All subsurface water trapped in the pores and other open spaces in rocks, sediments, and soil.
_________ is an important source for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use, but is also an important erosional agent.
About 22% of the world’s fresh water (0.625% of water on earth)
Comes from precipitation percolating through soils and sediment streams, lakes, and snowmelt also contribute
Mostly used for migration and public drinking water supplies in the US.

Answer 0

Groundwater

Question 1

The percentage of a materials volume that is pore space.

Answer 1

Porosity

Question 2

The measure of the interconnectedness of pore spaces.

Answer 2

Permeability

Question 3

Permeable layer that transports water

Answer 3

Aquifer

Question 4

Prevents the movement of groundwater

Answer 4

Aquiclude

Question 5

Water Table Zone

Pore spaces contain mostly air

Answer 5

Zone of Aeration

Question 6

Water Table Zone

Pore spaces contain mostly water.

Answer 6

Zone of Saturation

Question 7

A thin saturated zone found a few cm-m above the water table

Answer 7

Capillary Fringe

Question 8

The top of the zone of saturation.

Answer 8

Water Table

Question 9

Places where groundwater flows or seeps out of the ground.
When percolating water reaches the water table or an impermeable layer, it flows laterally, and may intersect the surface.

Answer 9

Springs

Question 10

__________ _____ _____occurs whenever a local aquiclude is present within a larger aquifer and can also produce springs.

Answer 10

Perched Water Table

Question 11

Openings made by digging or drilling down into the zone of saturation.

Pumping can create a ____ __ __________ when withdrawal exceeds rate of inflow.

Answer 11

Water Well

Cone of Depression

Question 12

Confined groundwater builds up high hydrostatic pressure.
Required geologic conditions —–
1. Aquifer must be confined above and below by aquicludes.
2. Aquifer is usually tilted and exposed at the surface so it can be recharged.
3. Precipitation must be sufficient to keep the aquifer filled.

Answer 12

Artesian Systems

Question 13

Depressions formed by the dissolution of soluble underlying rocks or the collapse of a cave roof.

Answer 13

Sinkholes

Question 14

Develops by groundwater erosion in areas underlain by soluble rocks.
Features Include:
Sinkholes, springs, solution valleys, disappearing streams, and caves.

Answer 14

Karst Topography

Question 15

Form when groundwater dissolves the soluble rock layers and they collapse.

Answer 15

Caves and Cave Deposits

Question 16

Caves and Cave Deposits

Calcite precipitation creates dripstones such as:

Answer 16

Stalagmites
Stalactites 
Columns 
Drip Curtains
Travertines

Question 17

Excessive pumping in coastal areas can result in salt water being drawn into wells.
Major problem in rapidly growing coastal communities
Recharge wells are often used to pump water back into the system.

Answer 17

Salt Water Incursion

Question 18

When withdrawal from wells exceeds the rate of recharge loose grains of the aquifer are packed tighter.
__________ of the land has lowered Mexico City more than 3m in some places.

Answer 18

Subsidence

Question 19

Common sources:
Sewage, landfills, toxic waste disposal sites, and agriculture
Serious problem due to indiscriminate practices by industry and citizens.

Answer 19

Contamination

Question 20

Is a function of geology of the aquifer, residence time of water in the aquifer, and solubility of rocks and minerals.

Answer 20

Groundwater Quality

Question 21

Water is circulated deep, where it is heated by magma or cooling igneous rocks.
Runs freely at the surface.

Answer 21

Hot Springs

Question 22

Forcefully ejects water and steam because of constrictions in the plumbing system.

Answer 22

Geyser

Question 23

About #-#% of the world’s energy is generated from geothermal sources.

Answer 23

1-2%