Chapter 10 -- Deformation, Mountain Building, and the Continents

Question 0

_________ is the force applied to a body of rock or crust

Can deform or strain rocks until they become contorted or fractured

Answer 0

Stress

Question 1

Any change in the shape or volume of rock layers, as a result of stress.

Answer 1

Deformation

Question 2

_________ is the change in shape that results from the applied stress (same as deformation).

Answer 2

Strain

Question 3

Types of Strain

Rocks are squeezed along the same line
Rock layers in compression are shortened by folding and faulting.

Answer 3

Compression

Question 4

Types of Strain

Forces along the same line act in opposite directions.
Lengthens the rocks or pulls them apart.

Answer 4

Tension

Question 5

Types of Strain

Forces act parallel to one another in opposite direction
Deformation occurs along closely spaced planes like the slip between cards in a deck.

Answer 5

Shear

Question 6

________ is the intersection of a horizontal plane with an inclined plane.

Answer 6

Strike

Question 7

________ is the maximum angle of an inclined plane.

Answer 7

Dip

Question 8

Layers of rock that have been bent or crumpled during compression. (plastic strain)

Answer 8

Folds

Question 9

_______ _______ that divides the fold in half
Each half is called a _____
The _____ is an imaginary line formed by the intersection of the axial plane and folded beds.

Answer 9

Axial Plane
Limb
Axis

Question 10

Bend or flexure in otherwise horizontal or uniformly dipping rock layers.
One limb is horizontal.

Answer 10

Monoclines

Question 11

These are up arched folds.

The oldest rocks are in the core.

Answer 11

Anticlines

Question 12

These are down arched folds.

The youngest rocks are in the core.

Answer 12

Synclines

Question 13

axial plane is vertical

Both limbs dip at the same angle

Answer 13

Upright Folds

Question 14

Fold Axis is not horizontal

Axial plane may be vertical or inclined.

Answer 14

Plunging Folds

Question 15

Fold axis is horizontal

Axial plane is vertical

Answer 15

Upright/Non-Plunging Folds

Question 16

Rock layers dip away from the center, form dome like structures

Answer 16

Domes

Question 17

Rock layers dip toward the center, form “bowl” shaped structures.

Answer 17

Basins

Question 18

Fractures along which no movement has taken place.

Form in response to compression, tension, and shearing.

Answer 18

Joints

Question 19

Fractures along which movement has taken place

Answer 19

Faults

Question 20

Relative motion of hanging and footwall names the fault
_________ lies below the fault plane
_________ wall is above the fault plane

Answer 20

Footwall

Hanging

Question 21

Categorized as normal or reverse.
Normal (Tensional)
Hanging wall moves down.
Reverse (Compressional)
Hanging wall moves up.
Thrust (Compressional)
Low angle reverse fault (<45°)

Answer 21

Dip-Slip Faults

Question 22

Categorized as right lateral or left lateral.

Formed by shear forces.

Answer 22

Strike-Slip Faults

Question 23

Both dip and strike movement.

Answer 23

Oblique-Slip Faults

Question 24

A __________ is an area of land that stands at least 300 meters above the surrounding country.

Answer 24

Mountain

Question 25

A __________ ________ is a group of linear peaks and ridges that formed together.

Answer 25

Mountain Range

Question 26

A ___________ _________ is a group of mountain ranges

Answer 26

Mountain System

Question 27

An episode of mountain building

Most are produced along convergent plate boundaries.

Answer 27

Orogeny