Chapter 13: Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What is gravida, primigravida, multigravida, and nulligravida?

A
  • gravida: woman who is pregnant
  • primigravida: woman who is pregnant for the first time
  • multigravida: woman who has had 2+ pregnancies
  • nulligravida: woman who has never been pregnant
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2
Q

What is parity?

A

number of pregnancies in which fetus or fetuses have reached viability (20 weeks)

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3
Q

Differentiate between primipara, multipara, and nullipara.

A
  • primipara: woman who has completed one pregnancy with fetus or fetuses who have reached viability
  • multipara: woman who has completed 2+ pregnancies to viability
  • nullipara: woman who has not completed a pregnancy with fetus or fetuses who have reached viability
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4
Q

What is the difference between preterm, term, and post-term?

A
  • preterm: reached 20 weeks gestation and up to 37+6
  • term: 38 weeks gestation to 42+0
  • post-term: more than 42 weeks gestation
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5
Q

What are the time frames for each trimester?

A
  • first trimester = week 1 - 13+6
  • second trimester = week 14 - 27+6
  • third trimester = week 28+
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6
Q

What does GTPAL stand for?

A
  • G = gravidity
  • T = term pregnancies (37+0 or more)
  • P = preterm pregnancies (20 - 36+6)
  • A = abortions (elective or spontaneous that occurred before 20 weeks)
  • L = living children

– please note that twins count as 1 pregnancy but count as separate living children

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7
Q

What hormone is tested for in pregnancy tests?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); detected as early as 7 - 8 days after ovulation

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8
Q

Differentiate between presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy.

A
  • presumptive: not something that can be seen by a provider; subjective changes felt by woman
  • probable: objective changes that can be observed by a provider, but can still be attributed to other causes other than pregnancy (but likely to be pregnancy)
    1. Chadwick’s – blue/violet color of cervix
    2. Hegar’s – softening of lower uterine segment
    3. Goodell’s sign – softening of tip of cervix
    4. pregnancy test
  • positive: signs that can only be attributed to presence of fetus
    1. fetal movement on ultrasound
    2. fetal heartbeat
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9
Q

Describe some changes of the vagina and vulva during pregnancy.

A
  • leukorrhea – white discharge
  • mucus plug formation – blocks entry and exit; helps prevent infection
  • lowered pH – 3.5; 4 when not pregnant
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10
Q

Describe the location of the fundus based on weeks of pregnancy.

A
  • week 12 – at sysiphys pubis
  • week 20 – at umbilicus
  • week 36 – at sternum; highest point
  • week 40 – lower than at week 36 because the head drops
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11
Q

How does the cardiovascular system change during pregnancy?

A
  • vasculature expands (dilates) to accommodate increased blood volume
  • HR increases
  • BP should not change much from baseline
  • increased CO
  • increased clotting factors – increased risk for DVTs
  • dilutional anemia is common in 2nd trimester – increased blood volume but iron levels don’t change (diluted)
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12
Q

How does the respiratory system change during pregnancy?

A
  • pregnancy is a state of chronic, mild hyperventilation
  • reduced PaCO2
  • increased O2
  • physical pressure of uterus on diaphragm
  • SOB
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13
Q

How does the renal/urinary system change during pregnancy?

A
  • increased blood flow to kidneys
  • compression of bladder – urine stasis, increased risk of infection, urinary frequency
  • avoid supine positioning – could hurt renal function
  • renal system becomes more efficient but more taxed
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14
Q

What are some complications of the musculoskeletal system during pregnancy?

A
  • lordosis – inward curve of T/L spine
  • relaxin hormone causes stretching of ligaments
  • diastasis recti abdominis could result – abdominal muscles split and don’t return to normal
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15
Q

What types of procedures are common for pregnant women during pregnancy?

A
  • appendectomy
  • colonectomy
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16
Q

How many extra calories per day is recommended for pregnant women?

A
  • 250 calories/day for normal BMIs
  • may need more during breastfeeding
17
Q

What is the general purpose of progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin during pregnancy?

A
  • progesterone – maintains pregnancy
  • estrogen – aids in getting pregnant
  • prolactin – prepares for lactation
  • oxytocin – stimulates contractions for labor