Chapter 11: Structural Disorders and Neoplasms of the Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the typical alignment of the uterus?
A
slight anteversion – fundus points towards belly button
2
Q
What are 5 types of disorders of uterus structure?
A
-
retroversion: fundus of uterus points towards head or slightly back towards spine
* occurs 2 months postpartum – should returnt o normal
* 1/3 do not return – may make future conception more difficult
* rarely symptomatic -
prolapse
* mild or complete
* complete – painful sex, urinary incontinence -
cystocele: protrusion of bladder into vagina
* often accompanies uterine prolapse
* feels like something is in vagina
* issues with voiding or stooling – may have trouble emptying -
rectocele: herniation of rectal wall through vagina
* needs to be repaired surgically
* often accompanies uterine prolapse
* feels like something is in vagina - genital fistulas: perforations between organs and genital tract organs
3
Q
What are ovarian cysts?
A
- benign cysts that are often associated with menstrual cycle
- asymptomatic unless ruptured –> severe abdominal pain
- PCOS – endocrine imbalance due to multiple cysts on ovaries which results in high estrogen
- dermoid cysts – comprised of hair and bone that develop in childhood
- ovarian fibromas – comprised of connective tissue
4
Q
What are uterine polyps?
A
- endometrial or cervical in origin
- benign polyps that rarely recur after removal
- most common in multip women 40+
- unknown etiology
5
Q
What are leiomyomas?
A
- AKA fibroid tumors, fibromas, myomas, fibromyomas
- most common benign tumor
- tumors arise from muscle tissue of uterus
- rarely malignant
- growth influenced by ovarian hormones
- spontaneously shrink after menopause
- mostly asymptomatic
6
Q
How are leiomyomas managed?
A
- medications – gonadotropin release hormone agonists (reduce size), NSAIDs
- uterine artery embolization (UAE) – cuts off blood flow to fibroid
- surgery – laser, myomectomy, hysterectomy
7
Q
What are Bartholin cysts?
A
- most common benign lesions of the vulva
- obstruction of the Bartholin duct, causing it to enlarge
- recurrence in women is common
- treatment is marsupialization – formation of new duct for drainage (permanent opening)
8
Q
What is vulvodynia?
A
vulvar pain
9
Q
What is a major risk factor in development of malignant cancers of endometrium, cervix, ovaries, vulva, vagina, and uterine tubes?
A
obesity
10
Q
What is endometrial cancer?
A
- malignant cancer in the endometrial tissue
- hormone imbalance is the most significant risk factor
- s/s: abnormal uterine bleeding
11
Q
What is ovarian cancer?
A
- malignant cancer of the ovaries
- definitive screenings do not exist – usually diagnosed in advance stage
- s/s: vague, but abdominal bloating is one
- white women of North American or Northern European descent and older women are at highest risk
12
Q
What is cervical cancer?
A
- malignant cancer of the cervix
- 90% caused by HPV
- most reliable method to detect preinvasive cancer = Pap smear
- confirmation of cervical cancer = colposcopy and biopsy
13
Q
What is vulvar cancer?
A
- malignant cancer of vulva
- slow growing, slow extending, and late to metastasize
- most common site = labia majora
14
Q
What is vaginal cancer?
A
- malignant cancer of vagina
- most at risk = women 70 - 90
- most lesions are squamous cell carcinomas
- may be caused by chronic vaginal irritation, vaginal trauma, and genital viruses
15
Q
What is uterine tube cancer?
A
- malignant cancer of uterine tubes
- most at risk = women 50 - 60
- unknown etiology
