Chapter 13: A Greco-Roman World Flashcards
a philosophical system that emerged in the 3rd century CE, primarily through the works of the philosopher Plotinus. It is based on the ideas of Plato but extends and transforms them by emphasizing the existence of a single, ultimate reality known as “the One” or “the Good,” from which all things emanate. It focused on metaphysical ideas like the relationship between the material and the immaterial, the nature of the soul, and the pursuit of spiritual ascent toward unity with the divine. Key elements of … include a hierarchical view of reality, the soul’s journey toward perfection, and the importance of contemplation and mystical experience.
Neoplatonism
… of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE – 50 CE) was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, Egypt. He is best known for his attempts to harmonize Greek philosophy, especially Platonism, with Jewish religious thought. His philosophy combined elements of Judaism, Stoicism, and Platonism, and he is often regarded as a pioneer in the development of Jewish Hellenistic thought. His work focused on the allegorical interpretation of the Hebrew Bible, seeing it as a source of deep philosophical insight. His ideas on God, the soul, and ethics influenced later Christian thought, especially in terms of mystical theology.
Philo
refers to a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in the Roman Empire during the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, particularly in the cities of the eastern Mediterranean. It was characterized by a revival of interest in Greek rhetoric, oratory, and classical learning. The “sophists” of this period were skilled public speakers and educators who emphasized eloquence and the art of persuasion, often for entertainment or display rather than for philosophical depth. While the movement helped preserve Greek culture and learning in the Roman world, it was sometimes criticized for being overly focused on style over substance.
Second Sophistic
was a Roman Emperor and one of the “Five Good Emperors” of Rome. He is best known for consolidating and securing the boundaries of the Roman Empire, rather than expanding it further. His reign is marked by the construction of Hadrian’s Wall in Britain, the rebuilding of the Pantheon in Rome, and his efforts to integrate Greek culture into the Roman world. Hadrian was also notable for his policy of “Hellenization,” promoting Greek culture and philosophy. He is sometimes remembered for his harsh repression of the Jewish revolt in Judea (Bar Kokhba Revolt).
Hadrian
Refers to a period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire, lasting from the reign of Emperor Augustus (27 BCE) to around 180 CE, though it is often considered to have lasted until the end of the 2nd century. During this time, the Roman Empire experienced minimal expansionist warfare, allowing for prosperity, trade, and cultural exchange. This period is often viewed as a high point of Roman civilization, characterized by economic stability, relative internal peace, and flourishing arts and architecture.
Pax Romana
a Greek biographer, historian, and philosopher, best known for his work “Parallel Lives,” a series of biographies comparing famous Greek and Roman figures. His writings provide valuable insights into the lives and characters of important historical figures, such as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Pericles. His work influenced both Renaissance humanists and later historians, and his emphasis on the moral lessons to be learned from history had a lasting impact on Western thought. In addition to “Parallel Lives,” he also wrote “Moralia,” a collection of essays on ethics, philosophy, and religion.
Plutarch
