Chapter 13

Question 1

contact comfort

Answer 1

In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infant’s first attachment.

Question 2

separation anxiety

Answer 2

The distress that most children develop, at about 6 to 8 months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers.

Question 3

language

Answer 3

A system that combines meaningless elements such as sounds or gestures to form structured utterances that convey meaning.

Question 4

telegraphic speech

Answer 4

A child’s first word combinations, which omit (as a telegram did) unnecessary words.

Question 5

object permanence

Answer 5

The understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it.

Question 6

conservation

Answer 6

The understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes.

Question 7

theory of mind

Answer 7

A system of beliefs about the way one’s own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.

Question 8

power assertion

Answer 8

A method of childrearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child’s misbehavior.

Question 9

induction

Answer 9

A method of childrearing in which the parent appeals to the child’s own abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child’s misbehavior.

Question 10

gender identity

Answer 10

The fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender.

Question 11

gender typing

Answer 11

The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture.

Question 12

intersex conditions (intersexuality)

Answer 12

Conditions in which chromosomal or hormonal anomalies cause a child to be born with ambiguous genitals, or genitals that conflict with the infant’s chromosomes.

Question 13

gender schema

Answer 13

A cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about what it means to be male or female.

Question 14

adrenarche

Answer 14

A time in middle childhood when the adrenal glands begin producing the adrenal hormone DHEA and other hormones that affect cognitive and social development.

Question 15

puberty

Answer 15

The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.

Question 16

menarche

Answer 16

The onset of menstruation during puberty.

Question 17

menopause

Answer 17

The cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova; it is usually a gradual process lasting up to several years.

Question 18

fluid intelligence

Answer 18

The capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age.

Question 19

crystallized intelligence

Answer 19

Cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime.