Chapter 13 Flashcards
Comparative condition examples
Memory categorization decisioning and problem-solving language used deception
Tinbergen’s for questions/4 levels of analysis are…
Are used to categorize research findings
Tinbergen’s for questions/4 levels of analysis (two categories)
Ultimate and proximate cause
Ultimate cause questions/levels of analysis
1 How does the trait healthy individual survivor and produce 2 is that trait found in closely related species are species with similar environments
Proximate cause questions/levels of analysis
3 what biological and environmental events lead to the expression of that trait in that individual 4 how does the street merger change during individual development
Biophilia hypothesis
Humans have inherited disposition to be drawn to or bond with nature including animals
Memory is closely related to
Stimulus discrimination
Delayed matching-to-sample for memory
Animal shown the stimulus then there’s a delay then they select the stimulus from group and measure the ability to remember that stimulus correctly
Forgetting
Delayed matching to sample instructed to be a visual cue to remember or forget the previously was
Forgetting testing
Animals are instructed to either remember to forget when instructed forget move to the next trial and not be affected by stimulus
Memory in food storing birds
Larger haven’t found birds the store food because of their reliance to remember the location of their food
Clever Hans
Horse hoax that made people believe that he could count when he was only responding to a facial and social cues
Direct matching – to - sample
No delay between the presentation of the sample stimulus and stimuli
Pigeon example
Pigeons were showing two or three cars to match the numbers therefore showing evidence of numerosity
Categorization
Involves the ability to generalize and discriminate
Transitive inference
Form of reasoning in which the relationship between two objects can be inferred by knowing the relationship of each to a third object
Transitive inference ABC example
A is greater than B & B is greater than C therefore A greater than C
Making and using tools
To usage is a manipulative way you using an item and shows higher cognitive abilities
Selectivity in tool use
A more sophisticated understanding of cause-and-effect
Multiple uses of tools
Shows the expectation of future need
Combining and modifying existing materials
Shows great cognitive complexity to create a new tool
How do animals learn to use tools
Observation and social interaction
Self-awareness
Mark and mirror task
Theory of mind
Impute mental states to other individuals; seeing oneself as separate from others and recognizing that the content of another’s mind is different from one’s own
Understanding content of another mind
False belief task video with Snoopy on the crayon box
Cooperation
Rope task with elephants
Deception
Chimps are crazy, Point and the food containers with a cooperative cheater set alarms to go and get females while dominate males are gone
Language
Many believe that is innate and a special category of communication
Key features of language
Symbols and text and semantics
Language system
Allows us to communicate with others intentionally and with great specific city
Animals use language
Lack of verbal apparatus but sign language has proven successful but not following grammatical rules and passed the test of reference
Comparative cognition
City of information processing across a variety of species including humans gives insight as to if these abilities are similar and different across species
