Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two types of learning

A

Classical & operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classical conditioning (Pavlovian/respondent conditioning)

A

Process through which inborn behaviors (reflexive/involuntary) become produced in new situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classical conditioning example (Pavlov)

A

Dog learns to salivate to bell that has previously been paired with food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Involves strengthening or weakening a behavior (goal directed/voluntary) as a result of rewards or consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Operant conditioning (rats)

A

Rat learns that pressing lever = food, effect is that it increases the tendency of the rat pressing the lever. So the reward food, strengthens future occurrence of behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nativist (Nature) perspective

A

Plato’s idea that everything we know is innate and learning is simply a process of inner reflection to uncover knowledge that already exists within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Empiricist (Nurture) perspective

A

Aristole’s idea that knowledge is acquired through experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Aristole’s 4 laws of association

A

Law of 1. Similarity 2. Contrast 3. Contiguity 4. Frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Law of similarity

A

Events that are similar become associated with each other (cars and trucks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Law of contrast

A

Events that are opposites become associated with each other (tall and short)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Law of contiguity

A

Events occurring in close proximity in time or space become associated (lightening then thunder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Law of frequency

A

The more two items occur together, the stronger they’re associated (perfume and friend)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Behavior

A

Any activity an organism that can be observed or somehow measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mind body dualism perspective

A

Descartes idea where some human behaviors are involuntary by external stimulation while others are freely chosen and controlled by the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

British empiricism

A

John locke’s idea that a newborn is a blank state (tabula rasa) where experiences are written

17
Q

Structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt idea that the structure of the mind can be determined by identifying the basic elements that compose it using introspection (largely promoted by Titchener)

18
Q

Functionalism

A

William James idea that emphasized the purpose of consciousness and behavior and that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us (Darwinism influences)

19
Q

Evolution

A

Darwin’s theory that 1. Traits vary both within and between species 2. Many traits are genetic 3. Organisms must compete for limited resources

20
Q

Behaviorism

A

John watson’s idea that is a natural science that focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable behavior

21
Q

Law of parsimony

A

Preference for a simple explanation as compared to a complex one

22
Q

Morgan’s canon

A

Interpret behavior in primitive (reflexes) rather than mentalistic processes (reasoning)

23
Q

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

A

Only study publicly observable behavior and never anything that’s subjective (thoughts) agreed with Pavlov that all behavior is reflexive

24
Q

S-R theory

A

Watson’s theory of learning that involves the development of connection between an environmental event (stimulus) and specific behavior (response)

25
Q

Bandura’s social learning

A

Bandura studied process of observational learning and believes in internal events like expectations and self-referent thoughts are reflection of our own abilities and accomplishments influence behavior

26
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Bandura’s belief that internal events (thoughts/feelings) are directly interconnected to environmental events and observable behavior

27
Q

Cognitive behavior therapy

A

Therapy influenced by bandura’s social learning theory

28
Q

Skinner’s radical behaviorism

A

Emphasizes the impact of the environment on observable behavior and rejects the idea of internal events

29
Q

Countercontrol

A

An ability humans develop when they learn how deliberate manipulation of environmental events alter impact on our behavior

30
Q

Covert

A

Private behaviors (think/feel)

31
Q

Overt

A

Publicly observable behaviors

32
Q

Behavior analysis

A

Technology of behavior in which basic principles of behaviors are applied to real world issues

33
Q

Cognitive behaviorism

A

A brand of behaviorism that utilizes interventions Marianne’s, usually form of hypothesized cognitive processes to help explain behavior

34
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings

35
Q

Evolutionary adaption

A

An inherited trait that has been shaped through natural selection

36
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs in the absence of any observable demonstration of learning and only becomes apparent under a diff set of conditions

37
Q

Neobehaviorism

A

A branch of behaviorism that utilizes interventions variables, in form of hypothesized physiological processes, to help explain behavior