Chapter 1 - Intro

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

Question 2

Two types of learning

Answer 2

Classical & operant conditioning

Question 3

Classical conditioning (Pavlovian/respondent conditioning)

Answer 3

Process through which inborn behaviors (reflexive/involuntary) become produced in new situations

Question 4

Classical conditioning example (Pavlov)

Answer 4

Dog learns to salivate to bell that has previously been paired with food

Question 5

Operant conditioning

Answer 5

Involves strengthening or weakening a behavior (goal directed/voluntary) as a result of rewards or consequences

Question 6

Operant conditioning (rats)

Answer 6

Rat learns that pressing lever = food, effect is that it increases the tendency of the rat pressing the lever. So the reward food, strengthens future occurrence of behavior.

Question 7

Nativist (Nature) perspective

Answer 7

Plato’s idea that everything we know is innate and learning is simply a process of inner reflection to uncover knowledge that already exists within

Question 8

Empiricist (Nurture) perspective

Answer 8

Aristole’s idea that knowledge is acquired through experience

Question 9

Aristole’s 4 laws of association

Answer 9

Law of 1. Similarity 2. Contrast 3. Contiguity 4. Frequency

Question 10

Law of similarity

Answer 10

Events that are similar become associated with each other (cars and trucks)

Question 11

Law of contrast

Answer 11

Events that are opposites become associated with each other (tall and short)

Question 12

Law of contiguity

Answer 12

Events occurring in close proximity in time or space become associated (lightening then thunder)

Question 13

Law of frequency

Answer 13

The more two items occur together, the stronger they’re associated (perfume and friend)

Question 14

Behavior

Answer 14

Any activity an organism that can be observed or somehow measured

Question 15

Mind body dualism perspective

Answer 15

Descartes idea where some human behaviors are involuntary by external stimulation while others are freely chosen and controlled by the mind

Question 16

British empiricism

Answer 16

John locke’s idea that a newborn is a blank state (tabula rasa) where experiences are written

Question 17

Structuralism

Answer 17

Wilhelm Wundt idea that the structure of the mind can be determined by identifying the basic elements that compose it using introspection (largely promoted by Titchener)

Question 18

Functionalism

Answer 18

William James idea that emphasized the purpose of consciousness and behavior and that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us (Darwinism influences)

Question 19

Evolution

Answer 19

Darwin’s theory that 1. Traits vary both within and between species 2. Many traits are genetic 3. Organisms must compete for limited resources

Question 20

Behaviorism

Answer 20

John watson’s idea that is a natural science that focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable behavior

Question 21

Law of parsimony

Answer 21

Preference for a simple explanation as compared to a complex one

Question 22

Morgan’s canon

Answer 22

Interpret behavior in primitive (reflexes) rather than mentalistic processes (reasoning)

Question 23

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

Answer 23

Only study publicly observable behavior and never anything that’s subjective (thoughts) agreed with Pavlov that all behavior is reflexive

Question 24

S-R theory

Answer 24

Watson’s theory of learning that involves the development of connection between an environmental event (stimulus) and specific behavior (response)

Question 25

Bandura's social learning

Answer 25

Bandura studied process of observational learning and believes in internal events like expectations and self-referent thoughts are reflection of our own abilities and accomplishments influence behavior

Question 26

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 26

Bandura's belief that internal events (thoughts/feelings) are directly interconnected to environmental events and observable behavior

Question 27

Cognitive behavior therapy

Answer 27

Therapy influenced by bandura's social learning theory

Question 28

Skinner's radical behaviorism

Answer 28

Emphasizes the impact of the environment on observable behavior and rejects the idea of internal events

Question 29

Countercontrol

Answer 29

An ability humans develop when they learn how deliberate manipulation of environmental events alter impact on our behavior

Question 30

Covert

Answer 30

Private behaviors (think/feel)

Question 31

Overt

Answer 31

Publicly observable behaviors

Question 32

Behavior analysis

Answer 32

Technology of behavior in which basic principles of behaviors are applied to real world issues

Question 33

Cognitive behaviorism

Answer 33

A brand of behaviorism that utilizes interventions Marianne's, usually form of hypothesized cognitive processes to help explain behavior

Question 34

Cognitive map

Answer 34

Mental representation of one's spatial surroundings

Question 35

Evolutionary adaption

Answer 35

An inherited trait that has been shaped through natural selection

Question 36

Latent learning

Answer 36

Learning that occurs in the absence of any observable demonstration of learning and only becomes apparent under a diff set of conditions

Question 37

Neobehaviorism

Answer 37

A branch of behaviorism that utilizes interventions variables, in form of hypothesized physiological processes, to help explain behavior